{"id":1191,"date":"2024-12-07T17:51:02","date_gmt":"2024-12-07T17:51:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aegir-ran.com\/?page_id=1191"},"modified":"2024-12-07T17:51:04","modified_gmt":"2024-12-07T17:51:04","slug":"strait-of-magellan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aegir-ran.com\/index.php\/strait-of-magellan\/","title":{"rendered":"Strait of Magellan"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Strait of Magellan<\/strong> (Spanish<\/a>: Estrecho de Magallanes<\/em>), also called the Straits of Magellan<\/strong>, is a navigable<\/a> sea route in southern Chile<\/a> separating mainland South America<\/a> to the north and the Tierra del Fuego<\/a> archipelago to the south. The strait<\/a> is considered the most important natural passage between the Atlantic<\/a> and Pacific<\/a> oceans. The strait is approximately 570 km (310 nmi; 350 mi) long and 2 km (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) wide at its narrowest point. In 1520, the Spanish<\/a>expedition of the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan<\/a>, after whom the strait is named, became the first Europeans to discover it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magellan’s original name for the strait was Estrecho de Todos los Santos<\/em> (“Strait of All Saints”). The King of Spain, Emperor Charles V<\/a>, who sponsored the Magellan-Elcano<\/a> expedition, changed the name to the Strait of Magellan in honor of Magellan.[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The route is difficult to navigate due to frequent narrows<\/a> and unpredictable winds and currents. Maritime piloting<\/a> is now compulsory. The strait is shorter and more sheltered than the Drake Passage<\/a>, the often stormy open sea route around Cape Horn<\/a>, which is beset by frequent gale<\/a>-force winds and icebergs<\/a>.[2]<\/sup>Along with the Beagle Channel<\/a>, the strait was one of the few sea routes between the Atlantic and Pacific before the construction of the Panama Canal<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous navigation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Land adjacent to the Strait of Magellan has been inhabited by indigenous Americans for at least 13,000 years. Upon their arrival in the region, they would have encountered native equines (Hippidion<\/a><\/em>), the large ground sloth Mylodon<\/a>,<\/em>saber toothed cats (Smilodon<\/a><\/em>) the extinct jaguar subspecies Panthera onca mesembrina<\/a>,<\/em> the bear Arctotherium<\/a><\/em>, the superficially camel-like Macrauchenia<\/a>,<\/em>the fox-like canid Dusicyon avus<\/a><\/em> and lamine<\/a> camelids, including the extant vicu\u00f1a<\/a> and guanaco<\/a>. Evidence that Mylodon<\/em>, Hippidion<\/em> and the lamines were hunted has been found at some sites, such as Cueva del Medio.[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historically identifiable indigenous ethnic groups around the strait are the Kaw\u00e9sqar<\/a>, the Tehuelche<\/a>, the Selk’nam<\/a> and Yaghan people<\/a>. The Kaw\u00e9sqar<\/a> lived on the western part of the strait’s northern coast. To the east of the Kaw\u00e9sqar were the Tehuelche<\/a>, whose territory extended to the north in Patagonia<\/a>. To the south of the Tehuelche across the strait lived the Selk’nam, who inhabited the majority of the eastern portion of Tierra del Fuego<\/a>. To the west of the Selk’nam were the Yaghan people<\/a>, who inhabited the southernmost part of Tierra del Fuego.[4]<\/sup>[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All tribes in the area were nomadic hunter-gatherers<\/a>. The Tehuelche were the only non-maritime culture in the area;[dubious<\/a> \u2013 discuss<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> they fished and gathered shellfish along the coast during the winter and moved into the southern Andes<\/a> in the summer to hunt.[6]<\/sup> The tribes of the region saw little European contact until the late 19th century. Later, European-introduced diseases decimated portions of the indigenous population.[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is possible that Tierra del Fuego was connected to the mainland in the Early Holocene<\/a> (c. 9000 years BP<\/a>) much in the same way that Riesco Island<\/a> was back then.[8]<\/sup> A Selk’nam tradition recorded by the Salesian<\/a> missionary Giuseppe Mar\u00eda Beauvoir<\/a> relate that the Selk’nam arrived in Tierra del Fuego by land, and that the Selk’nam were later unable to return north as the sea had flooded their crossing.[9]<\/sup> Selk’nam<\/a> migration to Tierra del Fuego is generally thought to have displaced a related non-seafaring people, the Haush<\/a> that once occupied most of the main island.[10]<\/sup> The Selk’nam, Haush, and Tehuelche are generally thought to be culturally and linguistically related peoples physically distinct<\/a> from the sea-faring peoples.[10]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to a Selk’nam<\/a> myth<\/a> the strait was created along with the Beagle Channel<\/a> and Fagnano Lake<\/a> by slingshots falling on Earth during the fight of Taiy\u00edn<\/a> with a witch who was said to have “retained the waters and the foods”.[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magellan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The first European contact in this area was evidently the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan<\/a>.[12]<\/sup> (A report by Ant\u00f3nio Galv\u00e3o<\/a> in 1563 that mentions early charts showing the strait as “Dragon’s Tail<\/a>” has led to speculation that there might have been earlier contact, but this is generally discounted.)[12]<\/sup>[13]<\/sup>[a]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magellan led an expedition in the service of the Spanish King, Emperor Charles V<\/a>, to reach the Spice Islands<\/a>. His ships became the first to navigate the strait in 1520.[14]<\/sup> The five ships included La Trinidad<\/a><\/em> (110 tons, 55 crew members), under the command of Magellan; La San Antonio<\/em> (120 tons, 60 crew members) under the command of Juan de Cartagena<\/a>; La Concepci\u00f3n<\/em> (90 tons, 45 crew members) under the command of Gaspar de Quesada<\/a> (Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Elcano<\/a>served as boatswain); La Victoria<\/em><\/a> (85 tons, 42 crew members) under the command of Luis de Mendoza<\/a>; and La Santiago<\/em> (75 tons, 32 crew members), under command of Juan Rodr\u00edguez Serrano (Jo\u00e3o Rodrigues Serr\u00e3o<\/a>).[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> Before the passage of the strait (and after the mutiny in Puerto San Juli\u00e1n<\/a>), \u00c1lvaro de Mesquita became captain of the San Antonio<\/em>, and Duarte Barbosa<\/a> of the Victoria<\/em>. Later, Serr\u00e3o became captain of the Concepcion<\/em> (the Santiago<\/em>, sent on a mission to find the passage, was caught in a storm and wrecked<\/a>). San Antonio<\/em>, charged to explore Magdalen Sound, failed to return to the fleet, instead sailing back to Spain under Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes<\/a>, who imprisoned the captain Mesquita.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magellan’s ships entered the strait on All Saints’ Day<\/a>, 1 November 1520. Magellan named the strait Estrecho de Todos los Santos<\/em> (“Strait of All Saints”) and planted a flag to claim the land on behalf of the King of Spain.[15]<\/sup> Magellan’s chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta<\/a>, called it the Patagonian Strait<\/em>, and others Victoria Strait<\/em>, commemorating the first ship that entered.[16]<\/sup>[17]<\/sup>[18]<\/sup> Within seven years, it was being called Estrecho de Magallanes<\/em> in honor of Magellan.[17]<\/sup>[18]<\/sup> The Spanish Empire<\/a> and the Captaincy General of Chile<\/a> considered the strait the southern boundary of their territory.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

16th century explorations after Magellan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In the 1530s Charles V<\/a> divided South America and whatever was to be south of it into a series of grants to different conquistadors<\/a>. The strait of Magellan and the area south of it went to Pedro S\u00e1nchez de la Hoz<\/a>.[19]<\/sup>[b]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1530 and 1531 the Fuggers<\/a> held rights to trade through the strait of Magellan. While European trade with Asia through this route was thought to be possible, the Fuggers never developed this route.[20]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andr\u00e9s de Urdaneta<\/a> who had first hand experience of the strait by his participation in the Loa\u00edsa expedition<\/a>, argued before viceroy Antonio de Mendoza<\/a> in the 1550s for the establishment of an Asia\u2013Mexico trade route and presented arguments against the establishment of rival route of direct trade between Spain and Asia through the strait of Magellan. According to Urdaneta, climate would made passage through the strait possible only during summer and that therefore ships would need to stay the winter<\/a> in a more northern port. Urdaneta’s preference for Mexico may have also been influenced by his links to the Pedro de Alvarado<\/a>.[20]<\/sup> Following Urdaneta’s plans in 1565 the first Manila galleon<\/a> inaugurated European trade with Asia across the Pacific.[20]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pedro de Valdivia<\/a>, the conquistador<\/a> of Chile, managed to have Charles V extend his governorship all the way to the northern shores of the strait. Meanwhile, S\u00e1nchez de la Hoz was executed in Chile by Francisco de Villagra<\/a>, one of Valdivia’s men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first map of the Pacific Ocean<\/a>, Maris Pacifici<\/a> from 1589, depicts the strait as the only route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The strait and the conquest of Chile<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Conquest of Chile<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contemporaries differed in their estimation of the strait’s significance. In Europe it was viewed by some as an opportunity and a strategic location to facilitate long-range trade, though Antonio Pigafetta<\/a> seemed to have understood his voyage through the area as an unrepeatable feat.[21]<\/sup> By contrast, conquistador Pedro de Valdivia<\/a>, in a letter to Charles V<\/a>, considered the strait a threat through which rival conquistadors could arrive to challenge his claims.[21]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1544 Valdivia commissioned Captain Juan Bautista Pastene<\/a> to explore the coast from Valparaiso<\/a> to the Strait of Magellan,[21]<\/sup> and installed his personal secretary Juan de C\u00e1rdenas<\/a> in the expedition to produce a written account of the lands discovered in order to solidify his claims before the King.[21]<\/sup> Although Pastene’s expedition reached only the 41st parallel south<\/a>, well short of the strait, it discovered San Pedro Bay<\/a> and the mouth of Valdivia River<\/a>, where Valdivia would later found the city that bears his name<\/a>.[22]<\/sup>[23]<\/sup> As Valdivia consolidated his claims, he mentions in a 1548 letter to the Council of the Indies<\/a> the possibility of establishing contacts between Chile and Seville through the strait.[21]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Garc\u00eda Jofr\u00e9 de Loaiza<\/a> was the second captain to navigate the strait and the first to discover that Tierra del Fuego<\/a> was an island. Valdivia then dispatched Francisco de Ulloa<\/a> to survey and explore the strait, facilitating navigation from Spain to Chile. In October 1553, Ulloa sailed from the city of Valdivia in the first expedition to enter the strait from the west. Ulloa reached Woods Bay<\/a>, but faced with the steep coastline and lack of provisions and fearing entrapment in the strait during the winter, he turned around, returning to Chilean ports in February 1554.[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valdivia himself never actually reached the strait, as he was killed in 1553 attempting to conquer Araucan\u00eda<\/a>, about 1600 km (994 miles) north of the strait.[21]<\/sup>[24]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In October 1557, Governor Garc\u00eda Hurtado de Mendoza<\/a> sent another exploratory squad of 70 men under the command of Juan Ladrillero<\/a>. They were charged with mapping the coastline and surveying the region’s flora, fauna, and ethnography. On August 16, 1558, Ladrillero arrived in the Atlantic Ocean<\/a>, becoming the first navigator to cross the Strait of Magellan in both directions.[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colonization by the Spanish southward in Chile halted after the conquest of the Chilo\u00e9 Archipelago<\/a> in 1567. The Spanish are thought to have lacked incentives for further conquests south.[25]<\/sup> The indigenous populations were sparse and did not engage in the sedentary agricultural life of the Spanish.[25]<\/sup> The harsh climate in the fjords and channels of Patagonia<\/a> may also have deterred further expansion.[25]<\/sup> Even in Chilo\u00e9 the Spanish encountered difficulties, having to abandon their initial economic model based on gold mining<\/a> and “hispanic-mediterranean” agriculture.[26]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spanish attempt to colonise the strait<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1578 English navigator Francis Drake<\/a> crossed the strait, creating fear on the Pacific coast that an attack was imminent. In order to seal the passage, the Viceroy of Peru, Francisco de Toledo<\/a>, sent a squadron with two ships under Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa<\/a>. They carefully explored the strait, trying to ferret out English invaders, while surveying locations for future fortifications.[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pigafetta had described the strait as a hospitable area with many good ports, “cedar<\/a>” wood, and abundant shellfish and fish.[21]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1584, Sarmiento de Gamboa founded<\/a> two colonies in the strait: Nombre de Jes\u00fas<\/a> and Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe. The latter was established on the north shore of the strait with 300 settlers.[27]<\/sup>[28]<\/sup> That winter, it became known as Puerto del Hambre<\/a>, or “Port Famine”, as most of the settlers died of cold or starvation.[29]<\/sup> When Sir Thomas Cavendish<\/a> landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Spanish failure to colonize the Strait of Magellan made the Chilo\u00e9 Archipelago<\/a> key in protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions.[30]<\/sup>Valdivia, reestablished in 1645<\/a>, and Chilo\u00e9 acted as sentries, and as hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia.[31]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1599 it took five ships under Simon de Cordes<\/a> and his pilot William Adams<\/a>four months to traverse the strait; Sebalt de Weert<\/a> returned before reaching the end.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17th century explorations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Further information: Garcia de Nodal expedition<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1616, Dutch travelers, including Willem Schouten<\/a> and Jacob Le Maire<\/a>, discovered Cape Horn<\/a> and recognized the southern end of Tierra del Fuego. Years later, a Spanish expedition<\/a> commanded by brothers Bartolom\u00e9<\/a> and Gonzalo Nodal<\/a> verified this discovery[15]<\/sup> making in the way also the first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego.[32]<\/sup> After this there would be 150 years before the next ship from Spain would traverse the strait.[32]<\/sup> By 1620, one hundred years after European discovery, at least 55 ships had traversed the strait including 23 Spanish, 17 English and 15 Dutch.[32]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Narborough<\/a>‘s 1670 explorations in Patagonia caused the Spanish to launch various maritime expeditions to western Patagonia from 1674 to 1676.[33]<\/sup>[34]<\/sup> In the last and largest one<\/a>, Pascual de Iriate led a party to Evangelistas Islets<\/a> at the western entrance to the strait. At Evangelistas sixteen men of the party disappeared on February 17 including the son of Pascual de Iriarte.[35]<\/sup>[36]<\/sup> The ill-fated men had attempted to reach one of the islets to install a metal plaque indicating the King of Spain’s ownership of the territory.[36]<\/sup> Viceroy of Peru Baltasar de la Cueva<\/a> issued orders to the governments of Chile<\/a>, Chilo\u00e9<\/a> and R\u00edo de la Plata<\/a> to inquire about the men who disappeared at Evangelistas Islets.[37]<\/sup>However no information about their fate came forth and it is presumed that the boat wrecked<\/a> in the same storm that forced the remaining party to leave the area.[37]<\/sup>[38]<\/sup> Overall a total of 16\u201317 men perished in it.[25]<\/sup>[38]<\/sup>[36]<\/sup> While by 1676 rumours about English bases in Western Patagonia had been dispelled, that year new rumours appeared claiming that England was preparing an expedition to settle the Straits of Magellan.[39]<\/sup> The focus of Spanish attention to repel tentative English settlements shifted from the Pacific coast of Patagonia to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego<\/a>.[39]<\/sup> Such a change, from the western archipelagoes to the strait, meant that any English settlement could be approached by Spain by land from the north, which was not the case for the islands in western Patagonia.[39]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In February 1696, the first French expedition under the command of M. de Gennes reached the Strait of Magellan. The expedition is described by the French explorer, engineer, and hydrographer<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Froger<\/a> [fr<\/a>] in his A Relation of a Voyage<\/a><\/em> (1699).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18th century explorations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In the 18th century further explorations were done by English explorers John Byron<\/a> and James Cook<\/a>. The French sent Louis Antoine de Bougainville<\/a> and Jules Dumont d’Urville<\/a>.[15]<\/sup> By 1770 the focus of a potential conflict<\/a> between Spain and Britain had shifted from the strait to Falkland Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19th century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Explorations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

From 1826 to 1830, the strait was explored and thoroughly charted by Phillip Parker King<\/a>, who commanded the British survey vessel HMS Adventure<\/em><\/a>. In consort with HMS Beagle<\/em><\/a>, King surveyed the complex coasts around the strait. A report on the survey was presented at two meetings of the Geographical Society of London<\/a> in 1831.[16]<\/sup>[40]<\/sup> In connection to these explorations Robert FitzRoy<\/a>came to suggest the establishment of a British base in strait to aid travel between the British Isles<\/a> and Australia<\/a>.[41]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 1837 French expedition of Dumont D’Urville<\/a> surveyed the area of Puerto del Hambre<\/a> and the navigational conditions in the Strait of Magellan.[42]<\/sup> In a report the expedition recommended that a French colony<\/a> be established at the strait to support future traffic along the route.[42]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Charles Mayne<\/a> commanded HMS Nassau<\/em><\/a> on a survey expedition to the strait from 1866 to 1869.[43]<\/sup> The naturalist on the voyage was Robert Oliver Cunningham<\/a>.[44]<\/sup> Charles Darwin<\/a> requested the Lords of the Admiralty<\/a> to ask Mayne to collect several boatloads of fossils of extinct quadruped<\/a> species. Admiral Sulivan had previously discovered an astonishingly rich accumulation of fossil bones not far from the strait. These remains apparently belonged to a more ancient period than collections made by Darwin on HMS Beagle<\/em><\/a> and other naturalists, and therefore were of great scientific interest. Many of these fossils were collected with the aid of hydrographer Richards R. N. and deposited in the British Museum<\/a>.[45]<\/sup> The Admiralty compiled advice to mariners of the strait in 1871.[46]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takeover during Republican Chile<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

See also: Chilean takeover of the Strait of Magellan<\/a>; East Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Strait of Magellan Dispute<\/a>; Patagonian sheep farming boom<\/a>; and Tierra del Fuego gold rush<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chile took possession of the Strait of Magellan on May 23, 1843. President Manuel Bulnes<\/a> ordered this expedition after consulting the Chilean libertador<\/a>Bernardo O’Higgins<\/a>, who feared an occupation by Great Britain or France. The first Chilean settlement, Fuerte Bulnes<\/a>, was situated in a forested zone on the north side of the strait, and was later abandoned. In 1848, Punta Arenas<\/a> was founded farther north, where the Magellanic forests<\/a> meet the Patagonian plains. In Tierra del Fuego, across the strait from Punta Arenas, the village of Porvenir<\/a>emerged during the Tierra del Fuego gold rush<\/a> in the late 19th century. Until the opening of the Panama Canal<\/a>, the town was an important supply stop for mariners.[2]<\/sup> It has been claimed that Chile’s annexation of the area originated from a fear of occupation by Great Britain or France.[16]<\/sup>[47]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina<\/a>, Argentina effectively recognized Chilean sovereignty<\/a> over the Strait of Magellan. Argentina had previously claimed all of the strait, or at least the eastern third of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina<\/a> the conflicts between two countries were settled and Argentina ratified the strait as Chilean.[48]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Steamship navigation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1840, the Pacific Steam Navigation Company<\/a> became the first to use steamships<\/a> for commercial traffic in the strait.[16]<\/sup> Until the Panama Canal opened in 1914, the Strait of Magellan was the main route for steamships traveling from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It was often considered safer than the Drake Passage separating Cape Horn from Antarctica<\/a>, as the Drake Passage is notorious for turbulent and unpredictable weather, and is frequented by icebergs<\/a> and sea ice<\/a>. Ships in the strait, protected by Tierra del Fuego to the south and the coast of continental South America<\/a> to the north, crossed with relative ease, and Punta Arenas became a primary refueling port that provided coal for steamships in transit. The Strait’s curving channel, with widths varying between 1.9 and 22 miles (3 to 35 km), experiences unpredictable winds and tidal currents,[49]<\/sup> leading sailing ships to prefer the Drake Passage, where they had more room to maneuver.[50]<\/sup>[page needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20th century to present<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

in 1900, Joshua Slocum<\/a> was the first documented person to have single-handedly sailed<\/a> the strait. He experienced a 40-day hiatus in the strait due to storms and adverse weather,[c]<\/sup> while piloting the gaff-rigged<\/a> sloop<\/a> oyster boat<\/a>Spray<\/a><\/em> in the first solo global circumnavigation<\/a>. He wrote about the experience in Sailing Alone Around the World<\/a><\/em>.[52]<\/sup>[53]<\/sup>[page needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1976, American open water swimmer<\/a> Lynne Cox<\/a> became the first person to swim across the strait. Almost 40 years later, on January 17, 2014, Hunter Wright became the youngest person to swim across the strait at age 17.[16]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In June 2004, the USS Ronald Reagan<\/a><\/em> was the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier<\/a> to navigate the strait.[16]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Features<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The strait is approximately 570 km (310 nmi; 350 mi) long and 2 km (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) wide at its narrowest point (Carlos III Island<\/a>, west of Cape Froward<\/a>).[54]<\/sup>The northwestern portion of the strait is connected with other sheltered waterways via the Smyth Channel<\/a>. This area is similar to the Inside Passage<\/a> of Alaska<\/a>. South of Cape Froward, the principal shipping route follows the Magdalena Channel<\/a>. The climate is generally foggy and cold, and the course is convoluted with several narrow passages. It is several hundred miles shorter than the Drake Passage<\/a>, but sailing ships<\/a>, particularly clipper ships<\/a>, prefer the latter. Its major port is Punta Arenas<\/a>, a transshipment point for Chilean mutton<\/a>situated on the Brunswick Peninsula<\/a>.[55]<\/sup> Exemplifying the difficulty of the passage, it took Magellan 38 days to complete the crossing.[16]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The eastern opening is a wide bay on the border of Chile and Argentina between Punta D\u00fangeness<\/a> on the mainland and Cabo del Esp\u00edritu Santo<\/a> (“Cape of the Holy Spirit”) on Tierra del Fuego, the border as defined in the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina<\/a>. Immediately west are Primera Angostura<\/a> and Segunda Angostura<\/a>, narrows formed by two terminal moraines<\/a> of different ages.[56]<\/sup> The Primera Angostura is the closest approach of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego<\/a> to mainland South America. Farther west lies Magdalena Island<\/a>, part of Los Ping\u00fcinos Natural Monument<\/a>. The strait’s southern boundary in the east follows first the shoreline of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, then the northern end of the Canal Whiteside<\/a> and the shoreline of Dawson Island<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The western part of the strait leads northwest from the northern end of the Magdalena Channel to the strait’s Pacific entrance. This is flanked on the south by Capit\u00e1n Aracena Island<\/a>, Clarence Island<\/a>, Santa In\u00e9s Island<\/a>, Desolaci\u00f3n Island<\/a>(Cabo Pilar), and other smaller islands, and on the north by Brunswick Peninsula<\/a>, Riesco Island<\/a>, Mu\u00f1oz Gamero Peninsula<\/a>, Manuel Rodriguez Island<\/a>, and other minor islands of the Queen Adelaide Archipelago<\/a>. Two narrow channels connect the strait with Seno Otway<\/a> and Seno Skyring<\/a>. A broader channel, Smyth Channel<\/a>, leads north from the strait between Mu\u00f1oz Gamero Peninsula and Manuel Rodriguez Island. Francisco Coloane Marine and Coastal Protected Area<\/a>, a sanctuary for humpback whales<\/a>, is located in this area. This part of the strait lies on the elongated Magallanes-Fagnano Fault<\/a>, which marks a plate boundary between the South American Plate<\/a> and the Scotia Plate<\/a>. This fault continues southward under Almirantazgo Fjord<\/a> and then below Fagnano Lake<\/a>.[57]<\/sup> Possibly, new tourism industries could be established in the eastern part of the strait for watching southern right whales<\/a>,[58]<\/sup> as the number of observations in the area has increased in recent years.[59]<\/sup>[60]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the more well-defined northeastern course of the strait various bays stand out in its geography. Pecket Bay (Spanish<\/a>: bah\u00eda Pecket<\/em>) is a shallow and somewhat closed bay in the strait located near where Brunswick Peninsula<\/a> is as narrowest. San Gregorio Bay (Spanish<\/a>: bah\u00eda San Gregorio<\/em>) is an open bay located in the north coast of the strait.[61]<\/sup> Opposite Pecket Bay is Gente Grande Bay (Spanish<\/a>: bah\u00eda Gente Grande<\/em>) in Tierra del Fuego.[61]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tides and weather<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On the Atlantic side, the strait is characterized by semidiurnal macrotides with mean and spring tide ranges of 7.1 and 9.0 m, respectively. On the Pacific side, tides are mixed and mainly semidiurnal, with mean and spring tide ranges of 1.1 and 1.2 m, respectively.[62]<\/sup> There is enormous tidal energy<\/a> potential in the strait.[63]<\/sup> The strait is prone to Williwaws<\/a>, “a sudden violent, cold, katabatic<\/a> gust of wind descending from a mountainous coast of high latitudes to the sea”.[64]<\/sup>[d]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Place names<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The place names of the area around the strait come from a variety of languages. Many are from Spanish and English, and several are from the Ona language<\/a>, adapted to Spanish phonology and spelling.[65]<\/sup> Examples include Timaukel<\/a><\/em> (a hamlet<\/a> at the east side of Tierra del Fuego), Carukinka<\/em> (the end of the Almirantazgo Fjord), Anika<\/em> (a channel located at 54\u00b0 7′ S and 70\u00b0 30′ W), and Arska<\/em> (the north side of the Dawson Island).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magellan named the strait Todos los Santos<\/em>,[15]<\/sup> as he began his voyage through the strait on November 1, 1520, the day of “All Saints” (Todos los Santos<\/em> in Spanish). Charles V renamed it Estrecho de Magallanes<\/em>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> Magellan named the island on the south side of the strait Tierra del Fuego<\/em>, which the Yaghan people called Onais\u00edn<\/em> in the Yaghan language<\/a>. Magellan also gave the name Patagones<\/a><\/em> to the mainland Indians, and their land was subsequently known as Patagonia.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bah\u00eda Cordes<\/em> is named for the Dutch pirate Baltazar de Cordes<\/a>.[66]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Strait of Magellan Park<\/a>, 52 km (32 mi) south of Punta Arenas, is a 250 ha (620-acre) protected area.[67]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lighthouses in the strait<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile<\/a> and List of lighthouses in Chile: NGA2328\u2013NGA2718 \u00a7 Strait of Magellan (71\u00b0-68\u00b0W)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency<\/a> lists 41 lighthouses in the waterway. Some of them are more than a century old, and some are declared Monumento Nacional<\/em> (“national monument”). Among the most notable lighthouses are: County of Peebles<\/a><\/em> hulk, the world’s first four-masted, iron-hulled “full-rig ship”,[68]<\/sup> used now as a breakwater<\/a> for the harbour at Punta Arenas; the San Isidro<\/em>lighthouse, restored in 2004 and is now a museum and lodge;[69]<\/sup> and the Evangelistas Lighthouse<\/a>, located at the western mouth of the strait and built by George Slight<\/a>, who wrote on his arrival in 1934:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

I never imagined seeing something so wild and desolate as those emerging dark rocks in the middle of the raging waves. To see these stormy craggy rocks was frightening. With a dim light on the horizon we could see large waves crashing heavily in the western part of the islands: a vision that hardly anyone can imagine …[70]<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

This strait is one of the region’s most popular tourist destinations. Several cruise companies ply its waters, and the lighthouses, including Magdalena Island Light<\/a>, are popular attractions.[16]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Traffic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The strait provides a well-protected inland waterway sheltered from rough weather and high seas, allowing for safe navigation. Ships sail through the strait from the Pacific to the Atlantic and back, from the oceans to the Beagle Channel<\/a>through the Magdalena Channel<\/a>, Cockburn Channel<\/a>, Paso Brecknock or Canal Ocasi\u00f3n, Ballenero Channel<\/a>, O’Brien Channel<\/a>, Paso Timbales, northwest arm of the Beagle Channel and the Beagle Channel and back, and also to cross the strait from north to south and back.[clarification needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> This is the case for all traffic between the Chile and Argentina and the cities in Tierra del Fuego, Porvenir<\/a>, Cerro Sombrero<\/a>, Timaukel<\/a>, Ushuaia<\/a>, and R\u00edo Grande<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2008, 571 Chilean ships and 1,681 non-Chilean ships sailed through the strait.[72]<\/sup> Piloting<\/a> is compulsory for sailing the strait. As one authority notes, “The Pilotage Regulations of the Chilean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (‘the Regulations”) provide that pilotage through the Magellan Strait is compulsory”, with limited exceptions for local traffic. Who pays the fees for the pilot is subject to interpretation, however.[73]<\/sup>[74]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navigation status<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

See also: Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Article 35 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea<\/a> states that “Nothing in this Part affects: … the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits”. Article V of the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina established a legal regime for the Strait of Magellan, and in a diplomatic letter to major shipping nations in 1873, Chile promised freedom of navigation through and neutrality within the strait.[75]<\/sup>[76]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Footnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. See also:\u00a0Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories<\/a>,\u00a0Exploration of North America<\/a>,\u00a0Waldseem\u00fcller map<\/a>,\u00a0Madoc<\/a>, and\u00a0Norse colonization of North America<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Later this has served Chilean and Argentine governments to claim\u00a0Terra Australis<\/a>, and\u00a0Tierra del Fuego<\/a>\u00a0and by extension the continent of Antarctica was in effect claimed by Spain and that an\u00a0animus occupandi<\/a><\/em>\u00a0existed on the part of Spain in the lands south of the strait.[19]<\/sup>\u00a0Spain’s sovereignty claim over this territory was internationally recognized with the\u00a0Inter caetera<\/a><\/em>\u00a0bull of 1493 and the\u00a0Treaty of Tordesillas<\/a>\u00a0of 1494.[19]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. In\u00a0Port Angosto<\/a>, Strait of Magellan, the\u00a0Spray<\/em>\u00a0was re-rigged as a\u00a0yawl<\/a>\u00a0by adding a jigger.[51]<\/sup>\u00a0“I also mended the sloop’s sails and rigging, and fitted a jigger, which changed the rig to a yawl […]”<\/ref><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. The\u00a0Aleutian Islands<\/a>\u00a0exhibit the same phenomenon.[64]<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Crum, Haley.\u00a0“The Man Who Sailed the World”<\/a>.\u00a0Smithsonianmag.com<\/em>.\u00a0Smithsonian Institution<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 23,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0“Straight Of Magellan \u2013 Map & Description”<\/a>. worldatlas.com.\u00a0Archived<\/a>from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 19,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Villavicencio, Natalia A.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Martin, Fabiana M.; Borrero, Luis A.; Moreno, Patricio I.; Marshall, Charles R.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (February 2016).\u00a0“Combination of humans, climate, and vegetation change triggered Late Quaternary megafauna extinction in the \u00daltima Esperanza region, southern Patagonia, Chile”<\/a>.\u00a0Ecography<\/em>.\u00a039<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 125\u2013140.\u00a0Bibcode<\/a>:2016Ecogr..39..125V<\/a>.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1111\/ecog.01606<\/a>.\u00a0ISSN<\/a>\u00a00906-7590<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. “Strait of Magellan, a voyage throughout History XVI-XXI centuries”<\/a>.\u00a0magellanstraittravel<\/em>. Magellan Strait Travel.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 23,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. de la Fuente, C.; \u00c1vila-Arcos, M. C.; Galimany, J.; Carpenter, M. L.; Homburger, J. R.; Blanco, A.; Contreras, P.; Cruz D\u00e1valos, D.; Reyes, O.; San Roman, M.; Moreno-Estrada, A.; Campos, P. F.; Eng, C.; Huntsman, S.; Burchard, E. G.; Malaspinas, A. S.; Bustamante, C. D.; Willerslev, E.; Llop, E.; Verdugo, R. A.; Moraga, M. (2018).\u00a0“Genomic insights into the origin and diversification of late maritime hunter-gatherers from the Chilean Patagonia”<\/a>.\u00a0Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America<\/em>.\u00a0115<\/strong>\u00a0(17): E4006\u2013E4012.\u00a0Bibcode<\/a>:2018PNAS..115E4006D<\/a>.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1073\/pnas.1715688115<\/a>.\u00a0PMC<\/a>\u00a05924884<\/a>.\u00a0PMID<\/a>\u00a029632188<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    6. Espinoza, Mar\u00eda Cecilia (November 27, 2003).\u00a0“RIGHTS-CHILE: A ‘New Deal’ for Indigenous Groups”<\/a>.\u00a0ipsnews<\/em>. Inter Press Service.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 23,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    7. Aeberhard et al. 2010, p.\u00a0501.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    8. Mostny 2011, p.\u00a021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    9. “Selk’nam”<\/a>.\u00a0La enciclopedia de ciencias y tecnolog\u00edas en Argentina<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). December 1, 2013.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved\u00a0December 23,\u00a02020.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    10. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Chapman, Anne; Hester, Thomas R. (1973). “New data on the archaeology of the Haush: Tierra del Fuego”.\u00a0Journal de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Am\u00e9ricaniste<\/em>.\u00a062<\/strong>: 185\u2013208.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.3406\/jsa.1973.2088<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    11. Montecino Aguirre 2015, p.\u00a0125.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    12. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Richardson, William A.R. (2003). “South America on Maps before Columbus? Martellus’s ‘Dragon’s Tail’ Peninsula”.\u00a0Imago Mundi<\/a><\/em>.\u00a055<\/strong>: 25\u201337.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1080\/0308569032000097477<\/a>.\u00a0S2CID<\/a>\u00a0129171245<\/a>.\u00a0For some decades a group of scholars in Latin America has been claiming that this so-called ‘Dragon’s Tail’ peninsula is really a pre-Columbian map of South America. In this paper, the cartographical and place-name evidence is examined, showing that the identification has not been proved, and that perceived similarities between the river and coastal outlines on this ‘Dragon’s Tail’ peninsula and those of South America are fortuitous.<\/q>normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    13. de Zurara, Prestage & Beazley 2010, p.\u00a0cxiv.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    14. “Ferdinand Magellan, Discovery of the Strait of Magellan”<\/a>.\u00a0Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved\u00a0October 18,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    15. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0“Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes [Discovery and recognition of the territory: European navigators in the Strait of Magellan]”<\/a>.\u00a0Memoria Chilena<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved\u00a0October 20,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    16. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0h<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0“Little-known Facts About the Hazardous Strait of Magellan”<\/a>. Vacayholics. January 22, 2015.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 18,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    17. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Murphy & Coye 2013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    18. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Bergreen 2003, p.\u00a0194.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    19. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Prieto Larrain, M. Cristina (2004).\u00a0“El Tratado Ant\u00e1rtico, veh\u00edculo de paz en un campo minado”<\/a>.\u00a0Revista Universum<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a019<\/strong>\u00a0(1).\u00a0University of Talca<\/a>: 138\u2013147.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved\u00a0December 31,\u00a02015.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    20. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Onetto Pavez, Mauricio (2020).\u00a0“Geopol\u00edtica americana a escala global. El estrecho de Magallanes y su condici\u00f3n de “pasaje-mundo” en el siglo XVI”<\/a>.\u00a0Historia<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a053<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 521\u2013559.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0717-71942020000200521<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    21. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0P\u00e9rez, Ezequiel (2020).\u00a0“Versiones del Estrecho de Magallanes. El paso interoce\u00e1nico desde la primera circunnavegaci\u00f3n del mundo hasta la conquista del reino de Chile (1520-1552)”<\/a>\u00a0[Versions of the strait of Magellan. The interoceanic passage from the first circumnavigation of the world to the conquest of the kingdom of Chile (1519-1520-1552)].\u00a0Magallania<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a048<\/strong>\u00a0(especial): 29\u201344.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0718-22442020000300029<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved\u00a0February 12,\u00a02021.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    22. Barros, Jos\u00e9 Miguel (1981).\u00a0“Expedici\u00f3n al estrecho de Magallanes en 1553: Ger\u00f3nimo de Vivar y Hernando Gallego”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia<\/a><\/em>.\u00a012<\/strong>: 31\u201340.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved\u00a0March 7,\u00a02021.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    23. Barr\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez, Juan (1994).\u00a0“Juan Bautista Pastene: Primer almirande del mar chileno”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Revista de Marina<\/a><\/em>. Archived from\u00a0the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on October 9, 2022. Retrieved\u00a0March 7,\u00a02021.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    24. Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto<\/a>; Villaroel Carmona, Rafael; Lepe Orellana, Jaime;\u00a0Fuente-Alba Poblete, J. Miguel<\/a>; Fuenzalida Helms, Eduardo (1997) [1984].\u00a0Historia militar de Chile<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). Vol.\u00a0I (3rd\u00a0ed.). Biblioteca Militar. p.\u00a025.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    25. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Urbina Carrasco, Ximena<\/a>\u00a0(2016).\u00a0“Interacciones entre espa\u00f1oles de Chilo\u00e9 y Chonos en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Pedro y Francisco Delco, Ignacio y Crist\u00f3bal Talcapill\u00e1n y Mart\u00edn Olleta”<\/a>\u00a0[Interactions between Spaniards of Chilo\u00e9 and Chonos in the XVII and XVII centuries: Pedro and Francisco Delco, Ignacio and Crist\u00f3bal Talcapill\u00e1n and Mart\u00edn Olleta]\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Chungara<\/a><\/em>(in Spanish).\u00a048<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 103\u2013114.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved\u00a0December 21,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    26. Torrej\u00f3n, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Alvial, Ingrid and Torres, Laura. 2011.\u00a0Consecuencias de la tala maderera colonial en los bosques de alece de Chilo\u00e9, sur de Chile (Siglos XVI-XIX)*<\/a>\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0December 3, 2013, at the\u00a0Wayback Machine<\/a>.\u00a0Magallania<\/a><\/em>. Vol. 39(2):75\u201395.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    27. Relaci\u00f3n y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(in Spanish). Archived from\u00a0the original<\/a>on March 9, 2008.\u00a0Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, seg\u00fan Amancio Land\u00edn, uno de sus m\u00e1s reputados bi\u00f3grafos, naci\u00f3 en Pontevedra, hacia 1532. Julio Guill\u00e9n –el marino-acad\u00e9mico–, por su parte, dice que es posible fuera Colegial Mayor en la Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, ciudad que fue –asegura– cuna del gran marino espa\u00f1ol. Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geogr\u00e1fico, pues afirm\u00f3 ser natural de ambos lugares.<\/q>normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    28. Markham 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    29. “History of the Strait of Magellan”<\/a>. April 7, 2017.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 25,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    30. Urbina C., M. Ximena<\/a>\u00a0(2013).\u00a0“Expediciones a las costas de la Patagonia Occidental en el periodo colonial”<\/a>.\u00a0Magallania<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a041<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 51\u201384.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0718-22442013000200002<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved\u00a0January 27,\u00a02016.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    31. Urbina C., Mar\u00eda Ximena<\/a>\u00a0(2017).\u00a0“La expedici\u00f3n de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los C\u00e9sares”<\/a>\u00a0[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumors, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the C\u00e9sares].\u00a0Magallania<\/a><\/em>.\u00a045<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 11\u201336.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0718-22442017000200011<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved\u00a0December 27,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    32. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Martinic 1977, p.\u00a076.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    33. Martinic B., Mateo<\/a>; Moore, David M. (1982).\u00a0“Las exploraciones inglesas en el estrecho de Magallanes. El mapa manuscrito de John Narborough”<\/a>(PDF).\u00a0Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a013<\/strong>: 7\u201320.\u00a0Archived<\/a>(PDF)\u00a0from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved\u00a0December 21,2019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    34. Gallardo, Bartolom\u00e9 (1886).\u00a0“Expedici\u00f3n de Bartolom\u00e9 Gallardo”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Anuario Hidrogr\u00e1fico de la Marina de Chile<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). Valpara\u00edso. pp.\u00a0525\u2013537.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved\u00a0January 27,\u00a02020.normal{{cite book<\/a>}}<\/code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    35. de Vea 1886, p.\u00a0587.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    36. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0de Vea 1886, p.\u00a0590.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    37. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Barros Arana 2000, p.\u00a0120.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    38. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Barros Arana 2000, p.\u00a0119.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    39. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Urbina C., Mar\u00eda Ximena<\/a>\u00a0(2016).\u00a0“La sospecha de ingleses en el extremo sur de Chile, 1669-1683: Actitudes imperiales y locales como consecuencia de la expedici\u00f3n de John Narborough”<\/a>\u00a0[Suspicion of English at the southern end of Chile, 1669-1683: Imperial and local attitudes as a result of John Narborough’s expedition].\u00a0Magallania<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a044<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 15\u201340.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0718-22442016000100002<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved\u00a0December 22,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    40. King, P. P. (1839),\u00a0FitzRoy, Robert<\/a>\u00a0(ed.),\u00a0Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle’s circumnavigation of the globe. Proceedings of the first expedition, 1826\u201330, under the command of Captain P. Parker King, R.N., F.R.S.<\/em><\/a>, vol.\u00a0I, London: Henry Colburn,\u00a0archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on May 5, 2011, retrieved\u00a0August 15,\u00a02016normal. \u2013\u00a0p. 563<\/a>\u00a0Archived<\/a>September 15, 2016, at the\u00a0Wayback Machine<\/a>: Some Observations relating to the Southern Extremity of South America, Tierra del Fuego, and the Strait of Magalhaens; made during the Survey of those Coasts in his Majesty’s ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1830. By Captain Phillip Parker King, F.R.S., Commander of the Expedition; “read before the Geographical Society of London on the 25th of April and 9th of May 1831; and … printed in the Journal of that Society for the same year.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    41. Talbott 1974, p.\u00a075.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    42. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Morris 1989, pp.\u00a022, ff.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    43. Dictionary of national biography<\/a><\/em>. Edited by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee. 63 vols. and 2 supplements (6 vols.). London:\u00a0Smith, Elder & Co.<\/a>\u00a01885–1912<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    44. Cunningham 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    45. Letter from B.J. Sulivan, 27 June 1866 and nn. 6 and 7 in the Darwin Letters. See:[1]<\/a>\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0February 11, 2023, at the\u00a0Wayback Machine<\/a>,\u00a0[2]<\/a>\u00a0Archived<\/a>February 11, 2023, at the\u00a0Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    46. Mayne 1871, pp.\u00a037\u201384.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    47. Talbott, Robert D. (November 1967). “The Chilean Boundary in the Strait of Magellan”.\u00a0The Hispanic American Historical Review<\/a><\/em>.\u00a047<\/strong>\u00a0(4).\u00a0Duke University Press<\/a>: 519\u2013531.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.2307\/2510673<\/a>.\u00a0JSTOR<\/a>\u00a02510673<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    48. John Ranson Garc\u00eda (December 2011).\u00a0“CONDICI\u00d3N JUR\u00cdDICA DEL ESTRECHO DE MAGALLANES”<\/a>.\u00a0Revista Chilena de Derecho<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a038<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 457\u2013485.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0718-34372011000300003<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved\u00a0March 11,\u00a02020.\u00a0Chile succeeded in making Argentina’s claim to the existence of an “Argentine Strait of Magellan” disappear, which that country postulated in a small triangle to the east of the Dungeness – Espiritu Santo line, enclosing Espiritu Santo with Cape Virgins, when Argentina recognized that the eastern end of the Strait of Magellan is that straight line, but at a high price, since it generated Argentina’s jurisdiction over all waters, soils and subsoils to the east of the Dungeness – Espiritu Santo line, in Atlantic waters<\/q>normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    49. “The Strait Of Magellan: Everything You Need To Know”<\/a>. April 18, 2019.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved\u00a0October 8,2022.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    50. Whipple 1980.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    51. Slocum 1919, p.\u00a0127.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    52. Slocum 2006, pp.\u00a089\u201390.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    53. Slocum 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    54. “The Straits of Magellan and Oceanographical Setting Chile”<\/a>. Archived from\u00a0the original<\/a>\u00a0on March 6, 2008.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    55. Wallenfeldt, Jeff.\u00a0“Strait of Magellan”<\/a>.\u00a0Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/em>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 18,\u00a02019.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    56. USGS<\/a>.\u00a0“P 1386-I Chile and Argentina \u2013 Wet Andes: Past Glaciation”<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved\u00a0January 25,2008.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    57. Lodolo, Emanuele; Menichetti, Marco; Bartole, Roberto;\u00a0Ben-Avraham, Zvi<\/a>; Tassone, Alejandro; Lippai, Horacio (2003).\u00a0“Magallanes-Fagnano continental transform fault (Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America)”<\/a>.\u00a0Tectonics<\/a><\/em>.\u00a022<\/strong>\u00a0(6): 1076.\u00a0Bibcode<\/a>:2003Tecto..22.1076L<\/a>.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1029\/2003TC001500<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    58. El Mercurio (July 13, 2009).\u00a0“Ballena franca retorna a Estrecho de Magallanes y abre nueva opci\u00f3n de avistamientos tur\u00edsticos”<\/a>\u00a0(in Spanish).\u00a0WordPress<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved\u00a0December 3,\u00a02015.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    59. The Patagon Journal. 2009.\u00a0Southern Right Whale Spotted in Chilean Waters<\/a>\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0May 2, 2015, at the\u00a0Wayback Machine<\/a>. Retrieved on October 16, 2014<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    60. Belgrano, Jimena; I\u00f1\u00edguez, Miguel; Gibbons, Jorge; Garc\u00eda, Cristian; Olavarr\u00eda, Carlos (2008).\u00a0“South-West Atlantic Right Whales Eubalaena Australis (Desmoulins, 1822) Distribution Nearby the Magellan Strait”<\/a>.\u00a0Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia<\/a><\/em>.\u00a036<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 69\u201374.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0718-686X2008000200007<\/a>.normal[permanent dead link<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    61. ^\u00a0Jump up to:\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Porter, Stephen C.; Stuiver, Minze; Heusser, Calvin J. (1984).\u00a0“Holocene sea-level changes along the Strait of Magellan and Beagle Channel, southernmost South America”<\/a>.\u00a0Quaternary Research<\/a><\/em>.\u00a022<\/strong>(1): 59\u201367.\u00a0Bibcode<\/a>:1984QuRes..22…59P<\/a>.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1016\/0033-5894(84)90006-1<\/a>.\u00a0S2CID<\/a>\u00a0129886766<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    62. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Medeiros, Carmen; Kjerfve, Bjorn (1988).\u00a0“Tidal characteristics of the Strait of Magellan”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Continental Shelf Research<\/em>. Great Britain:\u00a0Pergamon Press<\/a>\u00a0plc. pp.\u00a0947\u2013960. Archived from\u00a0the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on November 4, 2013. Retrieved\u00a0July 23,\u00a02013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    63. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Wynne-Hughes, Antonia (August 17, 2009).\u00a0“Chile ponders tidal energy potential in Magellan Strait \u2014 MercoPress”<\/a>. En.mercopress.com.\u00a0Archived<\/a>from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved\u00a0September 18,\u00a02013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    64. ^\u00a0Jump up to:\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0“Williwaw”<\/a>. Weather on line.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 18,\u00a02019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    65. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Latorre, Guillermo (1998).\u00a0“Sustrato y superestrato multiling\u00fces en la toponimia del extremo sur de Chile [Multilingual substratum and superstratum in the toponymy of the south of Chile]”<\/a>.\u00a0Philological Studies<\/em>(in Spanish) (33): 55\u201367.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.4067\/S0071-17131998003300004<\/a>.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved\u00a0September 4,\u00a02013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    66. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martinic 1977<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
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    70. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Quoted at\u00a0“Bell Rock Bicentennial\u00a0: Biographies”<\/a>. 200.bellrock.org.uk. June 26, 1934.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved\u00a0September 18,\u00a02013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    71. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Mapas ambientales de Ministerio de Obras P\u00fablicas<\/a>\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0May 19, 2013, at the\u00a0Wayback Machine<\/a>, retrieved on 26 August 2013<\/li>\n\n\n\n
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    73. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0“Web alert: Magellan Strait Pilotage – is it compulsory and who should pay the fees?”<\/a>.\u00a0The Standard Club<\/em>. Charles Taylor, P.L.C. February 23, 2015.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved\u00a0October 18,2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    74. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Chilean Navy<\/a>,\u00a0“General piloting regulations and information”<\/a>,\u00a0Strait of Magellan, Chilean Channels and Fiords; Regulations and information for Piloting. Routes<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish), Chilean Navy, archived from\u00a0the original<\/a>\u00a0on October 8, 2012, retrieved\u00a0April 16,\u00a02013,\u00a0Pilotage is compulsory for navigating inner waters, between Canal de Chacao and Cabo de Hornos.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    75. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Morris 1989<\/a>, pp.\u00a068, 104.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    76. ^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0See also Chilean note to the\u00a0“UN Law of Sea, Declaraci\u00f3n formulada al momento de la ratificaci\u00f3n”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0(in Spanish). p.\u00a09.\u00a0Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved\u00a0June 29,\u00a02017.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      The Strait of Magellan (Spanish: Estrecho de Magallanes), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The strait is approximately 570 km (310 nmi; 350 mi) long and 2 km (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) wide at its narrowest point. In 1520, the Spanishexpedition … <\/p>\n

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