{"id":1147,"date":"2024-12-07T15:18:06","date_gmt":"2024-12-07T15:18:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aegir-ran.com\/?page_id=1147"},"modified":"2024-12-07T15:18:10","modified_gmt":"2024-12-07T15:18:10","slug":"cape-town","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aegir-ran.com\/index.php\/cape-town\/","title":{"rendered":"Cape Town"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cape Town<\/strong>[a]<\/sup> is the legislative<\/a> capital<\/a> of South Africa<\/a>. It is the country’s oldest city and the seat of the Parliament of South Africa<\/a>.[13]<\/sup> It is the country’s second-largest city, after Johannesburg<\/a>, and the largest in the Western Cape<\/a>.[14]<\/sup> The city is part of the City of Cape Town<\/a> metropolitan municipality<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city is known for its harbour<\/a>, its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region<\/a>, and for landmarks such as Table Mountain<\/a> and Cape Point<\/a>. In 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by The New York Times<\/a><\/em>,[15]<\/sup> and was similarly ranked number one by The Daily Telegraph<\/a><\/em> in both 2016 and 2023.[16]<\/sup>[17]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Located on the shore of Table Bay<\/a>, the City Bowl area of Cape Town is the oldest urban area in the Western Cape<\/a>, with a significant cultural heritage. It was founded by the Dutch East India Company<\/a> (VOC) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa<\/a>, India<\/a>, and the Far East<\/a>. Jan van Riebeeck<\/a>‘s arrival on 6 April 1652 established the VOC Cape Colony<\/a>, the first permanent European settlement in South Africa. Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope<\/a>, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony<\/a>. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush<\/a> and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in southern Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The metropolitan area has a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean<\/a>, which includes False Bay, and extends to the Hottentots Holland mountains<\/a> to the east. The Table Mountain National Park<\/a> is within the city boundaries and there are several other nature reserves and marine-protected areas within, and adjacent to, the city, protecting the diverse terrestrial and marine natural environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main articles: History of Cape Town<\/a> and Timeline of Cape Town<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Early period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The earliest known remnants of human occupation in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek<\/a> and have been dated to between 15,000 and 12,000 years old.[18]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Various Khoikhoi groups notably the Gorinaiqua lived on these lands for thousands of years. Khoikhoi communities were some of the wealthiest groups in Africa and their lands and cattles would go on to build colonial Cape Town and the rest of South Africa.Bartolomeu Dias<\/a>. Dias, the first European to reach the area, arrived in 1488 and named it “Cape of Storms” (Cabo das Tormentas<\/em>). It was later renamed by John II of Portugal<\/a> as “Cape of Good Hope<\/a>” (Cabo da Boa Esperan\u00e7a<\/em>) because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to the Indian subcontinent<\/a> and East Indies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama<\/a> recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1510, at the Battle of Salt River<\/a>, the Portuguese admiral Francisco de Almeida<\/a>and sixty-four of his men were killed and his party was defeated[19]<\/sup> by the “Goringhaiqua” in Dutch approximate spelling) using cattle that were specially trained to respond to whistles and shouts.[20]<\/sup> The Gorinaiqua were one of the Khoikhoi<\/a> clans who inhabited the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the late 16th century French, Danish, Dutch and English, but mainly Portuguese, ships regularly continued to stop over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper, and iron with the Khoikhoi<\/a> clans of the region in exchange for fresh meat and other essential travelling provisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dutch period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Dutch Cape Colony<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck<\/a> and other employees of the United East India Company<\/a> (Dutch<\/a>: Verenigde Oost-indische Compagnie<\/em>, VOC) were sent to the Cape Colony to establish a way-station for ships travelling to the Dutch East Indies<\/a>, and the Fort de Goede Hoop<\/a> (later replaced by the Castle of Good Hope<\/a>). The settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the local authorities to import enslaved people from Indonesia<\/a> and Madagascar<\/a>. Many of these people are ancestors of modern-day Cape Coloured<\/a> and Cape Malay<\/a> communities.[21]<\/sup>[22]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under Van Riebeeck and his successors, as VOC commanders and later governors at the Cape, a wide range of agricultural plants were introduced to the Cape. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had a large and lasting influence on the societies and economies of the region.[23]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

British period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Cape Colony<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the Dutch Republic<\/a> being transformed into Revolutionary France<\/a>‘s vassal Batavian Republic<\/a>, Great Britain moved to take control of Dutch colonies, including the colonial possessions of the VOC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Britain captured Cape Town in 1795<\/a>, but it was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803. British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg<\/a> when the Batavian Republic allied with Britain’s rival, France, during the Napoleonic Wars<\/a>. Following the conclusion of the war Cape Town was permanently ceded to the United Kingdom in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony<\/a>, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s, partially as a result of numerous wars<\/a> with the amaXhosa<\/a> on the colony’s eastern frontier. In 1833 slavery was abolished in the colony<\/a> freeing over 5500 slaves in the city, almost a third of the city’s population at the time.[24]<\/sup> The Convict Crisis<\/a> of 1849, marked by substantial civil upheaval, bolstered the push for self-governance in the Cape.[25]<\/sup>[26]<\/sup> With expansion came calls for greater independence from the UK, with the Cape attaining its own parliament<\/a> (1854) and a locally accountable Prime Minister (1872). Suffrage was established according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise<\/a>.[27]<\/sup>[28]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the 1850s and 1860s, additional plant species were introduced from Australia by the British authorities. Notably rooikrans<\/a> was introduced to stabilise the sand of the Cape Flats<\/a> to allow for a road connecting the peninsula with the rest of the African continent[29]<\/sup> and eucalyptus<\/a> was used to drain marshes.[30]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1859 the first railway line was built by the Cape Government Railways<\/a> and a system of railways rapidly expanded in the 1870s. The discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West<\/a> in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush<\/a> in 1886, prompted a flood of immigration into South Africa.[31]<\/sup> In 1895 the city’s first public power station, the Graaff Electric Lighting Works<\/a>, was opened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflicts between the Boer republics<\/a> in the interior and the British colonial government resulted in the Second Boer War<\/a> of 1899\u20131902. Britain’s victory in this war led to the formation of a united South Africa. From 1891 to 1901, the city’s population more than doubled from 67,000 to 171,000.[32]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the 19th century came to an end, the economic and political dominance of Cape Town in the Southern Africa region during the 19th century started to give way to the dominance of Johannesburg and Pretoria in the 20th century.[33]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

South African period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In 1910, Britain established the Union of South Africa<\/a>, which unified the Cape Colony with the two defeated Boer Republics and the British colony of Natal<\/a>. Cape Town became the legislative capital of the Union, and later of the Republic of South Africa<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the time of the 1936 census<\/a>, Johannesburg had overtaken Cape Town as the largest city in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1945 the expansion of the Cape Town foreshore<\/a> was completed adding an additional 194 ha (480 acres) to the City Bowl<\/a> area to the city centre.[34]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apartheid era<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Prior to the mid-twentieth century, Cape Town was one of the most racially integrated cities in South Africa.[35]<\/sup>[36]<\/sup> In the 1948 national elections<\/a>, the National Party<\/a> won on a platform of apartheid<\/a><\/em> (racial segregation) under the slogan of “swart gevaar<\/a>” (Afrikaans for “black danger”). This led to the erosion and eventual abolition of the Cape’s multiracial franchise<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1950, the apartheid government first introduced the Group Areas Act<\/a>, which classified and segregated urban areas according to race. Formerly multi-racial suburbs of Cape Town were either purged of residents deemed unlawful by apartheid legislation, or demolished. The most infamous example of this in Cape Town was the suburb of District Six<\/a>. After it was declared a whites-only area in 1965, all housing there was demolished and over 60,000 residents were forcibly removed.[37]<\/sup> Many of these residents were relocated to the Cape Flats<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The earliest of the Cape Flats forced removals saw the expulsion of Black South Africans to the Langa<\/a>, Cape Town’s first and oldest township, in line with the 1923 Native Urban Areas Act<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under apartheid, the Cape was considered a “Coloured<\/a> labour preference area”, to the exclusion of “Bantus<\/a>“, i.e. Black Africans. The implementation of this policy was widely opposed by trade unions, civil society and opposition parties. It is notable that this policy was not advocated for by any Coloured political group, and its implementation was a unilateral decision by the apartheid government.[38]<\/sup> During the student-led Soweto Uprising<\/a> of June 1976, school students from Langa<\/a>, Gugulethu<\/a> and Nyanga<\/a> in Cape Town reacted to the news of the protests against Bantu Education by organising gatherings and marches of their own. A number of school buildings were burnt down and the protest action was met with forceful resistance from the police.[39]<\/sup>[40]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town has been home to many leaders of the anti-apartheid movement<\/a>. In Table Bay<\/a>, 10 km (6 mi) from the city is Robben Island<\/a>. This penitentiary island<\/a>was the site of a maximum security prison where many famous apartheird-era political prisoners served long prison sentences. Famous prisoners include activist, lawyer and future president Nelson Mandela<\/a> who served 18 of his 27 years of imprisonment on the island, as well as two other future presidents, Kgalema Motlanthe<\/a> and Jacob Zuma<\/a>.[41]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In one of the most famous moments marking the end of apartheid, Nelson Mandela made his first public speech since his imprisonment, from the balcony of Cape Town City Hall<\/a>, hours after being released on 11 February 1990. His speech heralded the beginning of a new era for the country. The first democratic election<\/a>, was held four years later, on 27 April 1994.[42]<\/sup>[43]<\/sup>[44]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nobel Square<\/a> in the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront<\/a> features statues of South Africa’s four Nobel Peace Prize<\/a> winners: Albert Luthuli<\/a>, Desmond Tutu<\/a>, F. W. de Klerk<\/a> and Nelson Mandela<\/a>.[relevant?<\/a> \u2013 discuss<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Post-apartheid era<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town has undergone significant changes in the years since Apartheid. Cape Town has experienced economic growth and development in the post-apartheid era. The city has become a major economic hub in South Africa, attracting international investment and tourism. The Democratic Alliance<\/a> (DA), a liberal<\/a> political party which came to power in Cape Town in 2006, has been credited with improving bureaucratic efficiency, public safety and fostering economic development.[45]<\/sup>[46]<\/sup> Opinion polls show that South Africans see it as the best governed province and city in the country.[47]<\/sup>[48]<\/sup> Of South Africa’s 257 municipalities, only 38 received a clean financial audit in 2022 from the Auditor-General<\/a>. Of those, 21 were in the Western Cape.[45]<\/sup> The city’s economy has diversified, with growth in sectors such as finance, real estate, and tourism. The establishment of the City Centre Improvement District (CCID) has been particularly successful in revitalizing the city center, bringing businesses and people back into the area. This initiative has transformed public spaces such as Greenmarket Square<\/a>, Company’s Garden<\/a>, and St George’s Mall, attracting both locals and tourists.[49]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, Cape Town was named World Design Capital<\/a> of the Year.[50]<\/sup> Cape Town was voted the best tourist destination in Africa at the 2023 World Travel Awards in Dubai<\/a> and continues to be the most important tourist destination in the country.[51]<\/sup>[52]<\/sup> Cape Town has been named the best travel city in the world every year since 2013 in the Telegraph<\/a> Travel Awards.[53]<\/sup>[54]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The legacy of apartheid’s spatial planning is still evident, with significant disparities between affluent areas and impoverished townships<\/a>.[55]<\/sup> 60% of the city’s population live in townships and informal settlements far from the city centre.[56]<\/sup> The legacy of Apartheid means Cape Town remains one of the most racially segregated cities in South Africa.[57]<\/sup> Many Black South Africans continue to live in informal settlements with limited access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation.[55]<\/sup>[58]<\/sup> The unemployment rate remains high at 23% (though nearly 10 points lower than the nationwide average), particularly among historically disadvantaged groups, and economic opportunities are unevenly distributed.[46]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town faced a severe water shortage<\/a> from 2015 to 2018.[59]<\/sup> According to Oxfam<\/a>, “in the face of an imminent water shortage, the city of Cape Town in South Africa successfully reduced its water use by more than half in three years, cutting it from 1.2bn litres per day in February 2015 to 516m litres per day in 2018.”[60]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021 Cape Town also experienced a violent turf war<\/a> between rival taxi firms<\/a>which led to the deaths of 83 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the 2010s, Cape Town and the wider Western Cape province have seen the rise of a small secessionist movement<\/a>.[61]<\/sup> Support for parties “which have formally adopted Cape independence” was around 5% in the 2021 municipal elections<\/a>.[62]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geography and the natural environment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town is located at latitude 33.55\u00b0 S (approximately the same as Sydney<\/a>and Buenos Aires<\/a> and equivalent to Casablanca<\/a> and Los Angeles<\/a> in the northern hemisphere) and longitude 18.25\u00b0 E.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table Mountain<\/a>, with its near vertical cliffs and flat-topped summit over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, and with Devil’s Peak<\/a> and Lion’s Head<\/a> on either side, together form a dramatic mountainous backdrop enclosing the central area of Cape Town, the so-called City Bowl<\/a>. A thin strip of cloud, known colloquially as the “tablecloth” (“Karos” in Afrikaans<\/a>), sometimes forms on top of the mountain. To the immediate south of the city, the Cape Peninsula<\/a> is a scenic mountainous spine jutting 40 km (25 mi) southward into the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> and terminating at Cape Point<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are over 70 peaks above 300 m (980 ft) within Cape Town’s official metropolitan limits<\/a>. Many of the city’s suburbs lie on the large plain called the Cape Flats<\/a>, which extends over 50 km (30 mi) to the east and joins the peninsula to the mainland. The Cape Town region is characterised by an extensive coastline, rugged mountain ranges, coastal plains and inland valleys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Extent<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The extent of Cape Town has varied considerably over time. It originated as a small settlement at the foot of Table Mountain and has grown beyond its city limits as a metropolitan area<\/a> to encompass the entire Cape Peninsula<\/a> to the south, the Cape Flats<\/a>, the Helderberg<\/a> basin and part of the Steenbras catchment area to the east, and the Tygerberg hills, Blouberg and other areas to the north. Robben Island<\/a> in Table Bay is also part of Cape Town. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and False Bay to the south. To the north and east, the extent is demarcated by boundaries of neighbouring municipalities within the Western Cape province.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The official boundaries of the city proper extend between the City Bowl<\/a> and the Atlantic Seaboard to the east and the Southern Suburbs<\/a> to the south. The City of Cape Town<\/a>, the metropolitan municipality<\/a> that takes its name from the city covers the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area<\/a>, known as the Cape Metropole, extending beyond the city proper itself to include a number of satellite towns, suburbs and rural areas such as Atlantis<\/a>, Bellville<\/a>, Blouberg<\/a>, Brackenfell<\/a>, Durbanville<\/a>, Goodwood<\/a>, Gordon’s Bay<\/a>, Hout Bay<\/a>, Khayelitsha<\/a>, Kraaifontein<\/a>, Kuilsrivier<\/a>, Macassar<\/a>, Melkbosstrand<\/a>, Milnerton<\/a>, Muizenberg<\/a>, Noordhoek<\/a>, Parow<\/a>, Philadelphia<\/a>, Simon’s Town<\/a>, Somerset West<\/a>, and Strand<\/a> among others.[63]<\/sup>[64]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Cape Peninsula<\/a> is 52 km (30 mi) long from Mouille Point<\/a> in the north to Cape Point in the south,[65]<\/sup> with an area of about 470 km2<\/sup> (180 sq mi), and it displays more topographical variety than other similar sized areas in southern Africa, and consequently spectacular scenery. There are diverse low-nutrient soils, large rocky outcrops, scree slopes, a mainly rocky coastline with embayed beaches, and considerable local variation in climatic conditions.[66]<\/sup> The sedimentary rocks of the Cape Supergroup<\/a>, of which parts of the Graafwater and Peninsula Formations remain, were uplifted between 280 and 21S million years ago, and were largely eroded away during the Mesozoic. The region was geologically stable during the Tertiary, which has led to slow denudation of the durable sandstones. Erosion rate and drainage has been influenced by fault lines and fractures, leaving remnant steep-sided massifs like Table Mountain surrounded by flatter slopes of deposits of the eroded material overlaying the older rocks,[66]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are two internationally notable landmarks, Table Mountain<\/a> and Cape Point<\/a>, at opposite ends of the Peninsula Mountain Chain, with the Cape Flats<\/a> and False Bay<\/a> to the east and the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> to the west. The landscape is dominated by sandstone plateaux and ridges, which generally drop steeply at their margins to the surrounding debris slopes, interrupted by a major gap at the Fish Hoek\u2013Noordhoek valley. In the south much of the area is a low sandstone plateau with sand dunes. Maximum altitude is 1113 m on Table Mountain.[66]<\/sup> The Cape Flats (Afrikaans: Kaapse Vlakte) is a flat, low-lying, sandy area, area to the east the Cape Peninsula, and west of the Helderberg much of which was wetland and dunes within recent history. To the north are the Tygerberg Hills and the Stellenbosch district.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Helderberg<\/a> area of Greater Cape Town, previously known as the “Hottentots-Holland” area, is mostly residential, but also a wine-producing area east of the Cape Flats, west of the Hottentots Holland mountain range and south of the Helderberg mountain, from which it gets its current name. The Helderberg consists of the previous municipalities of Somerset West, Strand, Gordons Bay and a few other towns. Industry and commerce is largely in service of the area. After the Cape Peninsula, Helderberg is the next most mountainous part of Greater Cape Town, bordered to the north and east by the highest peaks in the region along the watershed of the Helderberg and Hottentots Holland Mountains, which are part of the Cape Fold Belt with Cape Supergroup<\/a> strata on a basement of Tygerberg Formation rocks intruded by part of the Stellenbosch granite pluton. The region includes the entire catchment of the Lourens and Sir Lowry’s rivers, separated by the Schapenberg hill, and a small part of the catchment of the Eerste River to the west. The Helderberg is ecologically highly diverse, rivaling the Cape Peninsula, and has its own endemic ecoregions and several conservation areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To the east of the Hottentots Holland mountains is the valley of the Steenbras River, in which the Steenbras Dam<\/a> was built as a water supply for Cape Town. The dam has been supplemented by several other dams around the western Cape, some of them considerably larger. This is almost entirely a conservation area, of high biodiversity. Bellville<\/a>, Brackenfell<\/a>, Durbanville<\/a>, Kraaifontein<\/a>, Goodwood<\/a> and Parow<\/a> are a few of the towns that make up the Northern Suburbs<\/a>of Cape Town. In current popular culture these areas are often referred to as being beyond the “boerewors<\/a> curtain,” a play on the term “iron curtain<\/a>.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNESCO<\/a> declared Robben Island<\/a> in the Western Cape a World Heritage Site<\/a> in 1999. Robben Island is located in Table Bay, some 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Bloubergstrand, a coastal suburb north of Cape Town, and stands some 30m above sea level. Robben Island has been used as a prison<\/a> where people were isolated, banished, and exiled for nearly 400 years. It was also used as a leper<\/a>colony, a post office, a grazing ground, a mental hospital, and an outpost.[67]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Geology of Cape Town<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Cape Peninsula<\/a> is a rocky and mountainous peninsula<\/a> that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> at the south-western extremity of the continent. At its tip is Cape Point and the Cape of Good Hope<\/a>. The peninsula forms the west side of False Bay and the Cape Flats. On the east side are the Helderberg and Hottentots Holland mountains. The three main rock formations are the late-Precambrian<\/a>Malmebury group (sedimentary and metamorphic rock), the Cape Granite suit, comprising the huge Peninsula, Kuilsrivier-Helderberg, and Stellenbosch batholiths, that were intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago, and the Table Mountain group<\/a> sandstones that were deposited on the eroded surface of the granite and Malmesbury series basement about 450 million years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sand, silt and mud deposits were lithified by pressure and then folded during the Cape Orogeny to form the Cape Fold Belt<\/a>, which extends in an arc along the western and southern coasts. The present landscape is due to prolonged erosion having carved out deep valleys, removing parts of the once continuous Table Mountain Group sandstone cover from over the Cape Flats and False Bay, and leaving high residual mountain ridges.[68]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At times the sea covered the Cape Flats and Noordhoek<\/a> valley and the Cape Peninsula was then a group of islands. During glacial periods the sea level dropped to expose the bottom of False Bay to weathering and erosion, with the last major regression leaving the entire bottom of False Bay exposed. During this period an extensive system of dunes was formed on the sandy floor of False Bay. At this time the drainage outlets lay between Rocky Bank Cape Point to the west, and between Rocky Bank and Hangklip Ridge to the east, with the watershed roughly along the line of the contact zone east of Seal Island and Whittle Rock.[68]<\/sup>[69]<\/sup>:\u200aCh2\u200a<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town has a warm summer Mediterranean climate<\/a> (K\u00f6ppen<\/a>: Csb<\/em>),[70]<\/sup>[71]<\/sup>[72]<\/sup>with mild, moderately wet winters and dry, warm summers. Winter, which lasts from June to September, may see large cold fronts entering for limited periods from the Atlantic Ocean with significant precipitation<\/a> and strong north-westerly winds. Winter months in the city average a maximum of 18 \u00b0C (64 \u00b0F) and minimum of 8.5 \u00b0C (47 \u00b0F). Winters are snow<\/a> and frost<\/a> free, except on Table Mountain and on other mountain peaks, where light accumulation of snow and frost can sometimes occur.[73]<\/sup> Total annual rainfall in the city averages 515 mm (20.3 in) although in the Southern Suburbs<\/a>, close to the mountains, rainfall is significantly higher and averages closer to 1,000 mm (39.4 in).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summer, which lasts from December to March, is warm and dry with an average maximum of 26 \u00b0C (79 \u00b0F) and minimum of 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F). The region can get uncomfortably hot when the Berg Wind<\/a>, meaning “mountain wind”, blows from the Karoo<\/a> interior. Spring and summer generally feature a strong wind from the south-east, known locally as the south-easter or the Cape Doctor<\/a>, so called because it blows air pollution away. This wind is caused by a persistent high-pressure system<\/a> over the South Atlantic<\/a> to the west of Cape Town, known as the South Atlantic High<\/a>, which shifts latitude seasonally, following the sun, and influencing the strength of the fronts and their northward reach. Cape Town receives about 3,100 hours of sunshine per year.[74]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Water temperatures range greatly, between 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F) on the Atlantic Seaboard, to over 22 \u00b0C (72 \u00b0F) in False Bay<\/a>. Average annual ocean surface temperatures are between 13 \u00b0C (55 \u00b0F) on the Atlantic Seaboard (similar to Californian waters, such as San Francisco<\/a> or Big Sur<\/a>), and 17 \u00b0C (63 \u00b0F) in False Bay (similar to Northern Mediterranean temperatures, such as Nice<\/a> or Monte Carlo<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike other parts of the country the city does not have many thunderstorms<\/a>, and most of those that do occur, happen around October to December and March to April.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate change<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

A 2019 paper published in PLOS One<\/a> estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5<\/a>, a “moderate” scenario of climate change<\/a> where global warming reaches ~2.5\u20133 \u00b0C (4.5\u20135.4 \u00b0F) by 2100, the climate of Cape Town in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Perth<\/a>in Australia<\/a>. The annual temperature would increase by 1.1 \u00b0C (2.0 \u00b0F), and the temperature of the coldest month by 0.3 \u00b0C (0.54 \u00b0F), while the temperature of the warmest month would be 2.3 \u00b0C (4.1 \u00b0F) higher.[78]<\/sup>[79]<\/sup> According to Climate Action Tracker<\/a>, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 \u00b0C (4.9 \u00b0F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.[80]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report<\/a>, Cape Town is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan<\/a>, Alexandria<\/a>, Algiers<\/a>, Cape Town, Casablanca<\/a>, Dakar<\/a>, Dar es Salaam<\/a>, Durban<\/a>, Lagos<\/a>, Lom\u00e9<\/a>, Luanda<\/a> and Maputo<\/a>) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise<\/a>. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability<\/a> at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages,[clarification needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> while the additional accounting for the “low-probability, high-damage events” may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the “moderate” RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.[81]<\/sup> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.[clarification needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>[82]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydrology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Cape Peninsula \u00a7 Drainage<\/a>, Helderberg \u00a7 Drainage<\/a>, and Cape Flats \u00a7 Drainage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sea surface temperatures<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

See also: False Bay \u00a7 Waves, tides, water circulation and temperature<\/a>; and Cape Peninsula \u00a7 Oceanography<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town’s coastal water ranges from cold to mild, and the difference between the two sides of the peninsula can be dramatic. While the Atlantic Seaboard averages annual sea surface temperatures around 13 \u00b0C (55 \u00b0F), the False Bay<\/a>coast is much warmer, averaging between 16 and 17 \u00b0C (61 and 63 \u00b0F) annually.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> In summer, False Bay water averages slightly over 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F), with 22 \u00b0C (72 \u00b0F) an occasional high. Beaches located on the Atlantic Coast tend to have colder water due to the wind driven upwellings which contribute to the Benguela Current<\/a> which originates off the Cape Peninsula, while the water at False Bay beaches may occasionally be warmer by up to 10 \u00b0C (18 \u00b0F) at the same time in summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In summer False Bay is thermally stratified, with a vertical temperature variation of 5 to 9\u02daC between the warmer surface water and cooler depths below 50 m, while in winter the water column is at nearly constant temperature at all depths. The development of a thermocline<\/a> is strongest around late December and peaks in late summer to early autumn.[84]<\/sup>:\u200a8\u200a<\/sup> In summer the south easterly winds generate a zone of upwelling near Cape Hangklip<\/a>, where surface water temperatures can be 6 to 7 \u00b0C colder than the surrounding areas, and bottom temperatures below 12 \u00b0C.[84]<\/sup>:\u200a10\u200a<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer to early autumn (January\u2013March), cold water upwelling near Cape Hangklip causes a strong surface temperature gradient between the south-western and north-eastern corners of the bay. In winter the surface temperature tends to be much the same everywhere. In the northern sector surface temperature varies a bit more (13 to 22 \u00b0C) than in the south (14 to 20 \u00b0C) during the year.[83]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Surface temperature variation from year to year is linked to the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation<\/a>. During El Ni\u00f1o years the South Atlantic high is shifted, reducing the south-easterly winds, so upwelling and evaporative cooling are reduced and sea surface temperatures throughout the bay are warmer, while in La Ni\u00f1a years there is more wind and upwelling and consequently lower temperatures. Surface water heating during El Ni\u00f1o increases vertical stratification. The relationship is not linear.[83]<\/sup> Occasionally eddies from the Agulhas current will bring warmer water and vagrant sea life carried from the south and east coasts into False Bay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flora and fauna<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: Biodiversity of Cape Town<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Located in a Conservation International<\/a> biodiversity hotspot<\/a> as well as the unique Cape Floristic Region<\/a>, the city of Cape Town has one of the highest levels of biodiversity<\/a> of any equivalent area in the world.[85]<\/sup>[86]<\/sup> These protected areas are a World Heritage Site<\/a>, and an estimated 2,200 species of plants are confined to Table Mountain \u2013 more than exist in the whole of the United Kingdom<\/a> which has 1200 plant species and 67 endemic plant species.[87]<\/sup>[88]<\/sup>[89]<\/sup> Many of these species, including a great many types of proteas<\/a>, are endemic to the mountain and can be found nowhere else.[90]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is home to a total of 19 different vegetation types<\/a>, of which several are endemic<\/a> to the city and occur nowhere else in the world.[91]<\/sup> It is also the only habitat of hundreds of endemic species,[92]<\/sup> and hundreds of others which are severely restricted or threatened. This enormous species diversity is mainly because the city is uniquely located at the convergence point of several different soil types and micro-climates.[93]<\/sup>[94]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table Mountain has an unusually rich biodiversity. Its vegetation consists predominantly of several different types of the unique and rich Cape Fynbos<\/a>. The main vegetation type is endangered Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos<\/a>, but critically endangered<\/a> Peninsula Granite Fynbos<\/a>, Peninsula Shale Renosterveld<\/a>and Afromontane forest<\/a> occur in smaller portions on the mountain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rapid population growth<\/a> and urban sprawl<\/a> has covered much of these ecosystems with development. Consequently, Cape Town now has over 300 threatened<\/a> plant species and 13 which are now extinct<\/a>. The Cape Peninsula<\/a>, which lies entirely within the city of Cape Town, has the highest concentration of threatened species<\/a> of any continental area of equivalent size in the world.[95]<\/sup>Tiny remnant populations of critically endangered<\/a> or near extinct<\/a> plants sometimes survive on road sides, pavements and sports fields.[96]<\/sup> The remaining ecosystems are partially protected through a system of over 30 nature reserves<\/a> \u2013 including the massive Table Mountain National Park<\/a>.[97]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town reached first place in the 2019 iNaturalist City Nature Challenge<\/a> in two out of the three categories: Most Observations, and Most Species. This was the first entry by Capetonians in this annual competition to observe and record the local biodiversity over a four-day long weekend during what is considered the worst time of the year for local observations.[98]<\/sup> A worldwide survey suggested that the extinction rate of endemic plants from the City of Cape Town is one of the highest in the world, at roughly three per year since 1900 \u2013 partly a consequence of the very small and localised habitats and high endemicity.[99]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Government<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Main article: City of Cape Town<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

Cape Town is governed by a 231-member city council elected in a system of mixed-member proportional representation<\/a>. The city is divided into 116 wards<\/a>, each of which elects a councillor by first-past-the-post voting<\/a>. The remaining 115 councillors are elected from party lists<\/a> so that the total number of councillors for each party is proportional to the number of votes received by that party.[100]<\/sup>[101]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 2021 Municipal Elections<\/a>, the Democratic Alliance (DA) kept its majority, this time diminished, taking 136 seats. The African National Congress lost substantially, receiving 43 of the seats.[102]<\/sup>[103]<\/sup> The Democratic Alliance candidate for the Cape Town mayoralty, Geordin Hill-Lewis<\/a> was elected mayor.[104]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demographics<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the South African National Census of 2011<\/a>, the population of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality \u2013 an area that includes suburbs and exurbs<\/a> \u2013 is 3,740,026 people. This represents an annual growth rate of 2.6% compared to the results of the previous census in 2001<\/a> which found a population of 2,892,243 people.[117]<\/sup> :\u200a54\u200a<\/sup> Of those residents who were asked about their first language<\/a>, 35.7% spoke Afrikaans<\/a>, 29.8% spoke Xhosa<\/a> and 28.4% spoke English<\/a>. 24.8% of the population is under the age of 15, while 5.5% is 65 or older.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a64\u200a<\/sup>The sex ratio<\/a> is 0.96, meaning that there are slightly more women than men.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a55\u200a<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of those residents aged 20 or older, 1.8% have no schooling, 8.1% have some schooling but did not finish primary school, 4.6% finished primary school but have no secondary schooling, 38.9% have some secondary schooling but did not finish Grade 12<\/a>, 29.9% finished Grade 12 but have no higher education, and 16.7% have higher education. Overall, 46.6% have at least a Grade 12 education.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a74\u200a<\/sup> Of those aged between 5 and 25, 67.8% are attending an educational institution.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a78\u200a<\/sup> Amongst those aged between 15 and 65 the unemployment rate is 23.7%.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a79\u200a<\/sup> The average annual household income is R<\/a>161,762.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a88\u200a<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The total number of households grew from 653,085 in 1996 to 1,068,572 in 2011, which represents an increase of 63.6%.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a81\u200a<\/sup> The average number of household members declined from 3,92 in 1996 to 3,50 in 2011.[118]<\/sup> Of those households, 78.4% are in formal structures (houses or flats<\/a>), while 20.5% are in informal structures (shacks<\/a>).[117]<\/sup>:\u200a81\u200a<\/sup> 97.3% of City-supplied households have access to electricity,[119]<\/sup> and 94.0% of households use electricity<\/a> for lighting.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a84\u200a<\/sup> 87.3% of households have piped water<\/a> to the dwelling, while 12.0% have piped water through a communal tap.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a85\u200a<\/sup> 94.9% of households have regular refuse collection<\/a> service.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a86\u200a<\/sup> 91.4% of households have a flush toilet<\/a> or chemical toilet<\/a>, while 4.5% still use a bucket toilet.[117]<\/sup>:\u200a87\u200a<\/sup> 82.1% of households have a refrigerator<\/a>, 87.3% have a television and 70.1% have a radio. Only 34.0% have a landline telephone, but 91.3% have a cellphone. 37.9% have a computer, and 49.3% have access to the Internet (either through a computer or a cellphone).[117]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2011 over 70% of cross provincial South African migrants coming into the Western Cape settled in Cape Town; 53.64% of South African migrants into the Western Cape came from the Eastern Cape<\/a>, the old Cape Colony’s former native reserve, and 20.95% came from Gauteng province.[120]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the 2016 City of Cape Town community survey, there were 4,004,793 people in the City of Cape Town metro. Out of this population, 45.7% identified as Black African, 35.1% identified as Coloured, 16.2% identified as White and 1.6% identified as Asian.[121]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa<\/a>, local media reported that increasing numbers of wealthy and middle-class South Africans have started moving from inland areas to coastal regions of the country, most notably Cape Town, in a phenomenon referred to as “semigration<\/em>” \u2013 short for “semi-emigration”[122]<\/sup>[123]<\/sup>[124]<\/sup> Declining municipal services in the rest of the country and the South African energy crisis<\/a> are other cited reasons for semigration.[125]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city’s population is expected to grow by an additional 400,000 residents between 2020 and 2025 with 76% of those new residents falling into the low-income bracket earning less than R<\/a> 13,000 a month.[126]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Religion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: Religion in South Africa<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 2015 General Household Survey 82.3% of respondents self identified as Christian<\/a>, 8% as Muslim<\/a>, 3.8% as following a traditional African religion<\/a> and 3.1% as “nothing in particular.”[127]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most places of worship<\/a> in the city are Christian churches and cathedrals: Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)<\/a>, Zion Christian Church<\/a>, Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa<\/a>, Assemblies of God<\/a>, Baptist Union of Southern Africa<\/a>(Baptist World Alliance), Methodist Church of Southern Africa<\/a> (World Methodist Council), Anglican Church of Southern Africa<\/a> (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church of Africa<\/a> (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town<\/a> (Catholic Church),[128]<\/sup> the Orthodox Archbishopric of Good Hope<\/a> (Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St George<\/a>[129]<\/sup>) and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<\/a> (LDS Church).[130]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Islam<\/a> is the city’s second largest religion with a long history in Cape Town<\/a>,[131]<\/sup>resulting in a number of mosques and other Muslim religious sites spread across the city,[132]<\/sup> such as the Auwal Mosque<\/a>, South Africa’s first mosque.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cape Town’s significant Jewish population<\/a> supports a number of synagogues most notably the historic Gardens Shul<\/a>, the oldest Jewish congregation in South Africa.[133]<\/sup> Marais Road Shul<\/a> in the city’s Jewish hub, Sea Point<\/a>, is the largest Jewish congregation in South Africa.[134]<\/sup> Temple Israel<\/a> (Cape Town Progressive Jewish Congregation) also has three temples in the city.[135]<\/sup> There is also a Chabad<\/a> centre in Sea Point and a Chabad on Campus<\/a> at the University of Cape Town<\/a>, catering to Jewish students.[136]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other religious sites in the city include Hindu<\/a> and Buddhist<\/a> temples and centres.[137]<\/sup>[138]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crime<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In recent years, Cape Town has experienced a resurgence in violent crime, particularly driven by gang violence in areas like the Cape Flats<\/a>. This increase in violence is attributed to various factors, including economic inequality, unemployment, and the legacy of apartheid’s spatial and social divisions.[58]<\/sup>[139]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crime in Cape Town is a serious problem which affects the quality of life<\/a> and safety of its residents and visitors. Between 2022 and 2023, Cape Town recorded the highest number of murders in a single year of any city in the world at 2,998, followed by Johannesburg<\/a> and Durban<\/a>, an increase of 8.6% year-on-year.[140]<\/sup>[141]<\/sup> Household crimes including burglary<\/a> also increased in the same period.[142]<\/sup> Mexico<\/a>\u2019s Citizen Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice ranks it among the most violent cities in the world.[143]<\/sup> While the UK Foreign Office<\/a> considers Cape Town safe to travel to, it notes the extremely high crime rates and highlights a particular increase on violent attacks and murders on the roads to and from Cape Town International Airport<\/a>.[144]<\/sup>[145]<\/sup> At the same time, the economy has grown due to the boom in the tourism and the real estate industries.[146]<\/sup> Since July 2019 widespread violent crime in poorer gang dominated<\/a> areas of greater Cape Town has resulted in an ongoing military presence in these neighbourhoods.[147]<\/sup>[148]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The minibus taxi industry has been the source of a number of violent confrontations<\/a> in the city. The northern and eastern sections of the city was the scene of the 2021 Cape Town taxi conflict<\/a>, a violent turf war which led to 83 deaths. The 2023 Cape Town taxi strike<\/a> resulted in 5 recorded deaths.[149]<\/sup>[150]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

See also: Economy of the Western Cape<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city is South Africa<\/a>‘s second main economic centre and Africa<\/a>‘s third main economic hub city. It serves as the regional manufacturing centre in the Western Cape. In 2019 the city’s GMP<\/a> of R489 billion[152]<\/sup> (US$33.04 billion)[153]<\/sup>represented 71.1% of the Western Cape’s total GRP<\/a> and 9.6% of South Africa’s total GDP;[152]<\/sup> the city also accounted for 11.1%[152]<\/sup> of all employed people in the country and had a citywide GDP per capita<\/a> of R111,364[152]<\/sup> (US$7,524).[153]<\/sup>Since the Great Recession<\/a>, the city’s economic growth rate has mirrored South Africa’s decline in growth whilst the population growth rate for the city has remained steady at around 2% a year.[152]<\/sup> Around 80% of the city’s economic activity is generated by the tertiary sector<\/a> of the economy with the finance, retail, real-estate, food and beverage industries being the four largest contributors to the city’s economic growth rate.[152]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2008 the city was named as the most entrepreneurial city in South Africa, with the percentage of Capetonians pursuing business opportunities almost three times higher than the national average. Those aged between 18 and 64 were 190% more likely to pursue new business, whilst in Johannesburg, the same demographic group was only 60% more likely than the national average to pursue a new business.[154]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the highest number of successful information technology<\/a> companies in Africa, Cape Town is an important centre for the industry on the continent.[155]<\/sup>This includes an increasing number of companies in the space industry<\/a>.[156]<\/sup>Growing at an annual rate of 8.5% and an estimated worth of R77 billion in 2010, nationwide the high tech industry in Cape Town is becoming increasingly important to the city’s economy.[155]<\/sup> A number of entrepreneurship initiatives and universities hosting technology startups such as Jumo<\/a>, Yoco, Aerobotics, Luno, Rain<\/a> telecommunication and The Sun Exchange are located in the city.[157]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city has the largest film industry in the Southern Hemisphere<\/a>[158]<\/sup> generating R5 billion (US$476.19 million) in revenue and providing an estimated 6,058 direct and 2,502 indirect jobs in 2013.[159]<\/sup> Much of the industry is based out of the Cape Town Film Studios<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Major companies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Most companies headquartered in the city are insurance companies, retail groups, publishers, design houses, fashion designers, shipping companies, petrochemical companies, architects and advertising agencies.[160]<\/sup> Some of the most notable companies headquartered in the city are food and fashion retailer Woolworths<\/a>,[161]<\/sup> supermarket chain Pick n Pay Stores<\/a> and Shoprite<\/a>,[162]<\/sup> New Clicks Holdings Limited<\/a>, fashion retailer Foschini Group<\/a>,[163]<\/sup> internet service provider MWEB<\/a>, Mediclinic International<\/a>, eTV<\/a>, multinational mass media giant Naspers<\/a>, and financial services giant Sanlam<\/a>[164]<\/sup> and Old Mutual Park<\/a>.[165]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other notable companies include Belron<\/a>, Ceres Fruit Juices<\/a>, Coronation Fund Managers<\/a>, Vida e Caff\u00e8<\/a>, Capitec Bank<\/a>. The city is a manufacturing base for several multinational companies including, Johnson & Johnson<\/a>, GlaxoSmithKline<\/a>, Levi Strauss & Co.<\/a>, Adidas<\/a>, Bokomo Foods<\/a>, Yoco and Nampak<\/a>.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>Amazon Web Services<\/a> maintains one of its largest facilities in the world in Cape Town with the city serving as the Africa headquarters for its parent company Amazon<\/a>.[166]<\/sup>[167]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inequality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The city of Cape Town’s Gini coefficient<\/a> of 0.58[168]<\/sup> is lower than South Africa’s Gini coefficient of 0.7 making it more equal than the rest of the country or any other major South Africa city although still highly unequal by international standards.[169]<\/sup>[170]<\/sup> Between 2001 and 2010 the city’s Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, improved by dropping from 0.59 in 2007 to 0.57 in 2010[171]<\/sup> only to increase to 0.58 by 2017.[172]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tourism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Western Cape is a highly important tourist region in South Africa; the tourism industry accounts for 9.8% of the GDP of the province and employs 9.6% of the province’s workforce. In 2010, over 1.5 million international tourists visited the area.[173]<\/sup> Cape Town is not only a popular international tourist destination in South Africa<\/a>, but Africa<\/a> as a whole. This is due to its mild climate, natural setting, and well-developed infrastructure. The city has several well-known natural features that attract tourists, most notably Table Mountain<\/a>,[174]<\/sup>which forms a large part of the Table Mountain National Park<\/a> and is the back end of the City Bowl<\/a>. Reaching the top of the mountain can be achieved either by hiking up, or by taking the Table Mountain Cableway<\/a>. Cape Point<\/a> is the dramatic headland at the end of the Cape Peninsula<\/a>.[175]<\/sup> Many tourists also drive along Chapman’s Peak Drive<\/a>, a narrow road that links Noordhoek<\/a> with Hout Bay<\/a>, for the views of the Atlantic Ocean and nearby mountains. It is possible to either drive or hike up Signal Hill<\/a> for closer views of the City Bowl and Table Mountain.[176]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many tourists also visit Cape Town’s beaches<\/a>, which are popular with local residents.[177]<\/sup> It is possible to visit several different beaches in the same day, each with a different setting and atmosphere. Both coasts are popular, although the beaches in affluent Clifton<\/a> and elsewhere on the Atlantic Coast are better developed with restaurants and caf\u00e9s, with a strip of restaurants and bars accessible to the beach at Camps Bay<\/a>. The Atlantic seaboard, known as Cape Town’s Riviera, is regarded as one of the most scenic routes in South Africa, along the slopes of the Twelve Apostles to the boulders and white sand beaches of Llandudno<\/a>, with the route ending in Hout Bay<\/a>, a diverse suburb with a fishing and recreational boating harbour near a small island with a breeding colony of African fur seals. This suburb is also accessible by road from the Constantia valley over the mountains to the northeast, and via the picturesque Chapman’s Peak<\/a> drive from the residential suburb Noordhoek in the Fish Hoek valley to the south-east.[178]<\/sup> Boulders Beach<\/a> near Simon’s Town<\/a> is known for its colony of African penguins<\/a>.[179]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city has several notable cultural attractions. The Victoria & Alfred Waterfront<\/a>, built on top of part of the docks<\/a> of the Port of Cape Town, is the city’s most visited tourist attraction. It is also one of the city’s most popular shopping venues, with several hundred shops as well as the Two Oceans Aquarium<\/a>.[180]<\/sup>[181]<\/sup> The V&A also hosts the Nelson Mandela Gateway, through which ferries<\/a> depart for Robben Island<\/a>.[182]<\/sup> It is possible to take a ferry from the V&A to Hout Bay<\/a>, Simon’s Town<\/a> and the Cape fur seal<\/a> colonies on Seal and Duiker Islands. Several companies offer tours of the Cape Flats<\/a>, a region of mostly Coloured & Black townships<\/a>.[183]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within the metropolitan area, the most popular areas for visitors to stay include Camps Bay, Sea Point<\/a>, the V&A Waterfront<\/a>, the City Bowl<\/a>, Hout Bay<\/a>, Constantia<\/a>, Rondebosch<\/a>, Newlands<\/a>, and Somerset West<\/a>.[184]<\/sup> In November 2013, Cape Town was voted the best global city in The Daily Telegraph<\/a>‘s<\/em> annual Travel Awards.[185]<\/sup>Cape Town offers tourists a range of air, land and sea-based adventure activities, including helicopter rides, paragliding<\/a> and skydiving<\/a>, snorkelling and scuba diving<\/a>, boat trips, game-fishing, hiking, mountain biking and rock climbing. Surfing<\/a> is popular and the city hosts the Red Bull Big Wave Africa<\/a>surfing competition every year, and there is some local and international recreational scuba tourism.[186]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The City of Cape Town works closely with Cape Town Tourism to promote the city both locally and internationally. The primary focus of Cape Town Tourism is to represent Cape Town as a tourist destination.[187]<\/sup>[188]<\/sup> Cape Town Tourism receives a portion of its funding from the City of Cape Town while the remainder is made up of membership fees and own-generated funds.[189]<\/sup> The Tristan da Cunha<\/a> government owns and operates a lodging facility in Cape Town which charges discounted rates to Tristan da Cunha residents and non-resident natives.[190]<\/sup> Cape Town’s transport system links it to the rest of South Africa; it serves as the gateway to other destinations within the province. The Cape Winelands<\/a> and in particular the towns of Stellenbosch<\/a>, Paarl<\/a> and Franschhoek<\/a>are popular day trips from the city for sightseeing and wine tasting<\/a>.[191]<\/sup>[192]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Infrastructure and services<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Most goods are handled through the Port of Cape Town or Cape Town International Airport<\/a>. Most major shipbuilding companies have offices in Cape Town.[193]<\/sup> The province is also a centre of energy development for the country, with the existing Koeberg nuclear power station<\/a> providing energy for the Western Cape’s needs.[194]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Greater Cape Town has four major commercial nodes, with Cape Town Central Business District containing the majority of job opportunities and office space.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup> Century City<\/a>, the Bellville<\/a>\/Tygervalley strip and Claremont<\/a>commercial nodes are well established and contain many offices and corporate headquarters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Health<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

See also: List of hospitals in South Africa \u00a7 Cape Metropole<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n