{"id":1106,"date":"2024-12-07T13:59:46","date_gmt":"2024-12-07T13:59:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aegir-ran.com\/?page_id=1106"},"modified":"2024-12-07T13:59:49","modified_gmt":"2024-12-07T13:59:49","slug":"revillagigedo-archipelago","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aegir-ran.com\/index.php\/revillagigedo-archipelago\/","title":{"rendered":"Revillagigedo Archipelago"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Revillagigedo Islands<\/strong> (Spanish<\/a>: Islas Revillagigedo<\/em>, IPA: [re\u02c8\u03b2i\u029da xi\u02c8xe\u00f0o]<\/a>) or Revillagigedo Archipelago<\/strong> are a group of four volcanic<\/a> islands<\/a> in the Pacific Ocean<\/a>, known for their unique ecosystem. They lie approximately 458 kilometres (285 mi) from Socorro Island<\/a> south and southwest of Cabo San Lucas<\/a>, the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula<\/a>, and 698 to 1,092 kilometres (434 to 679 mi) west of Manzanillo<\/a>. Historically linked to the Mexican state of Colima<\/a>, to which they were granted in 1861 to establish a penal colony<\/a>, the islands are under Mexican<\/a> federal property and jurisdiction.[2]<\/sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In July 2016, the Revillagigedo Archipelago was inscribed as a UNESCO<\/a> World Heritage Site<\/a>,[4]<\/sup> and in November 2017 they were declared to be a marine reserve<\/a> and a national park of Mexico<\/a>.[5]<\/sup> Some of the volcanoes are active, with the last eruption of Volc\u00e1n B\u00e1rcena<\/a> in 1953, and Socorro<\/a> in 1993. Travelling to the islands from their nearest land point takes approximately 26 to 30 hours, as they are typically reached by sea; a small military airstrip exists on Socorro.[6]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The total area is 157.81 km2<\/sup> (60.93 mi2<\/sup>), spread over an east-to-west extent of about 420 km (261 mi). A naval station in the south of Socorro Island<\/a> has a population of 45 (staff). On Clari\u00f3n<\/a> is a small naval garrison with nine men. The islands are otherwise uninhabited. The islands are named after Don<\/a> Juan Vicente de G\u00fcemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo<\/a>, the 53rd viceroy of New Spain<\/a>.[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The three eastern islands are called the inner islands. They fall in the\u00a0time zone<\/a>UTC-7<\/a>\u00a0(Mountain Time<\/a>), while the major part of\u00a0Colima<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0UTC-6<\/a>\u00a0(Central Time Zone<\/a>). Clari\u00f3n is comparatively far to the west, by more than 200\u00a0km in comparison with the inner islands, and in\u00a0UTC-8<\/a>\u00a0(Pacific Time Zone<\/a>). The Revillagigedo Islands are one of three Mexican island groups in the Pacific Ocean that are not on the\u00a0continental shelf<\/a>; the others are\u00a0Guadalupe Island<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Rocas Alijos<\/a>.


History<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sixteenth to nineteenth century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

No evidence of human habitation on any of the islands exists before their discovery by Spanish explorers. Hernando de Grijalva<\/a> [es<\/a>] and his crew discovered an uninhabited island on 19 December 1533, and named it Santo Tom\u00e1s<\/em> (Socorro Island<\/a>) and on 28 December they discovered Isla de los Inocentes<\/em> (San Benedicto<\/a>) which owed its name to having been found on the day of the Holy Innocents<\/a>.[8]<\/sup>[9]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November 1542, Ruy L\u00f3pez de Villalobos<\/a>, while exploring new routes across the Pacific, rediscovered Inocentes<\/em> and Santo Tom\u00e1s<\/em> and charted the latter as Anublada<\/em> (“Cloudy”). Villalobos was the first to report sighting of Roca Partida Island<\/a> giving it its present-day name. In 1608, Mart\u00edn Y\u00e1nez de Armida, in charge of another expedition, visited Anublada<\/em> and changed its name to Socorro<\/a>. In 1779 Jos\u00e9 Camacho was the first to report sighting of the island remaining, that he charted as Santa Rosa<\/em> (“Saint Rose”). Santa Rosa<\/em> was later renamed Clarion<\/em>after the vessel commanded by Henry Gyzelaar at that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Revillagigedo Islands have been visited by a number of other explorers: Domingo del Castillo<\/a> (1541), Miguel Pinto<\/a> (1772), Alexander von Humboldt<\/a>(1811), Benjamin Morrell<\/a> (1825), Sir Edward Belcher<\/a> (1839) who made the first botanical collections and Reeve, who witnessed the eruption of Mount Evermann in 1848.[10]<\/sup> On 25 July 1861, President<\/a> Benito Ju\u00e1rez<\/a> signed a decree awarding territorial control over the four islands to the state of Colima<\/a>. His plan was to build an offshore penitentiary on Isla Socorro; although this never happened, the decree whereby they were attached to Colima has never been repealed. In 1865, the island was explored by ornithologist Andrew Jackson Grayson<\/a>, who discovered the Socorro dove<\/a>, Socorro mockingbird<\/a> and the Socorro elf owl<\/a>which were later given scientific names<\/a> in his honor.[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Twentieth century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Dr. Barton Warren Evermann<\/a>, director of the California Academy of Sciences<\/a> in San Francisco, California<\/a>, promoted the scientific exploration of the islands. The most comprehensive biological collections were obtained at this time. The volcano on Isla Socorro was renamed in his honor. In 1957 the Mexican Navy established a naval base on Socorro and has had a permanent presence on the island since then. A tiny outpost also exists on Clari\u00f3n, as noted above. On 21 March 1972, Pablo Silva Garc\u00eda<\/a> [es<\/a>]became the first Governor of Colima<\/a> to visit his state’s island territories. A plaque was unveiled to mark the event and cement Colima’s claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The seas surrounding the larger islands are popular with scuba divers<\/a>; a variety of marine life such as cetaceans<\/a>, sharks<\/a> and manta rays<\/a> can be observed. Visitors usually stay aboard expedition vessels during their visit to the islands, which is desirable from an ecological standpoint to prevent introduction of further invasive species<\/a>. The islands are considered dangerous to visit for purposes beyond diving since it is difficult to make a landing; some have nearly lost their lives attempting to do so on Clarion for example.[12]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

They are occasionally visited by amateur radio<\/a> operators, who usually use the ITU prefix<\/a> XF4. Because of their distance from the mainland, for award credit they are considered to be an “entity” separate from Mexico. Expeditions from organizations engaged in biological conservation<\/a> of the islands visit the islands for fieldwork on a regular basis. No tourism<\/a> facilities exist; the islands have no reliable sources of fresh water of their own.[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Twenty-first century<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

On 24 November 2017, President of Mexico<\/a> Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto<\/a> created North America’s largest marine protected area around the Revillagigedo Islands. This protected area covers 150,000 square kilometres (57,000 sq mi) around the islands, and bans fishing, mining, and tourism development in the protected area and on the islands.[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ecology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Revillagigedo Islands are home to many endemic<\/a> plant and animal species, and are sometimes called Mexico’s “little Hawaii<\/a>“. They are recognized as a distinct terrestrial ecoregion<\/a>, part of the Neotropical realm<\/a>. Socorro is the most diverse in flora, fauna, and topography. The Mexican Government established the islands as a Biosphere Reserve<\/a> on June 4, 1994. Oceanographic Magazine<\/em>stated in 2020 that, “Its remoteness, protection and peculiar oceanography makes it one of the most biodiverse and exciting marine destinations on earth.”[14]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The islands are mostly covered with tropical dry forest, with several distinct plant communities that vary with elevation, soils, and exposure. Hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa<\/a><\/em>) and Guettarda insularis<\/a><\/em> are common dry forest species. Green buttonwood mangrove (Conocarpus erectus<\/a><\/em>) and the shrub Hibiscus tiliaceus<\/em>subsp. pernambucensis<\/em><\/a> grow along the seacoast.[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the World Wide Fund for Nature<\/a> (WWF), 14 of the islands’ 16 generally accepted resident taxa<\/a> of landbirds are endemic,[16]<\/sup> and include the Clari\u00f3n wren<\/a> (Troglodytes tanneri<\/em>), Socorro wren<\/a> (Troglodytes sissonii<\/em>), Socorro mockingbird<\/a> (Mimus graysoni<\/em>), Socorro dove<\/a> (Zenaida graysoni<\/em>), and Socorro parakeet<\/a> (Arahuga brevipes<\/em>).[17]<\/sup>[16]<\/sup> Clari\u00f3n is home to endemic subspecies of burrowing owl<\/a> (Athene cunicularia rostrata<\/em>), mourning dove<\/a> (Zenaida macroura clarionensis<\/em>), and common raven<\/a> (Corvus corax clarionensis<\/em>).[18]<\/sup> A variety of yellow-crowned night heron<\/a>, Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti (gravirostris)<\/em>, is endemic to Socorro.[19]<\/sup> Townsend’s shearwater<\/a> (Puffinus auricularis<\/em>) is a seabird that breeds only around Cerro Evermann on Socorro. It formerly bred on Clari\u00f3n and San Benedicto, but has not bred on Clari\u00f3n since 1988 nor on San Benedicto since 1952.[20]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The islands’ four native terrestrial vertebrates are all endemic, and include a whip snake (Masticophis anthonyi<\/a><\/em>), a night snake (Hypsiglena unaocularis<\/a><\/em>) and two iguanids<\/a> (Urosaurus auriculatus<\/a><\/em> and U. clarionensis<\/a><\/em>). Numerous seabird<\/a> taxa breed no further north(east)wards than San Benedicto; storm-petrels<\/a> are notably absent as breeders though they breed in the region and visit the islands to forage. Albatrosses<\/a> are also not normally found here. Among landbirds, the absence of the house finch<\/a>, widespread on northeastern Pacific offshore islands, is the most conspicuous one.[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from the native birds, migrant<\/a> shorebirds<\/a> and others are often found on the islands. Bahia Azufre<\/em> (Sulfur Bay) on Clari\u00f3n seems to be a favorite stopover location, as it is one of the few longer stretches of beach in the islands; mostly, the shoreline is steep cliffs.[13]<\/sup> The archipelago is also a part of wintering grounds for humpback whales<\/a> in the North Pacific.[21]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Socorro has numerous endemic plant taxa, whereas Clari\u00f3n has only a few. The San Benedicto ecosystem was nearly wiped out in the devastating eruption of B\u00e1rcena volcano on August 1, 1952. The ecosystem there has since recovered, but the event is known to have caused the extinction of the San Benedicto rock wren<\/a>.[13]<\/sup> Most if not all native plants found on San Benedicto today are shared with Clari\u00f3n, but not with the closer Socorro to the south, due to the prevailing winds and ocean currents<\/a>. The native flora of Clari\u00f3n is about equally shared with both other large islands.[22]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As opposed to the interchange between the islands, the animals and plants that colonized them initially are apparently all from mainland populations generally to the northeastward of the Revillagigedos. Plants are most often derived from Baja California<\/a> founder populations, whereas the endemic nonavian reptiles<\/a> seem to be rather derived directly from mainland populations of the Sonora<\/a>–Sinaloa<\/a> area. The ancestors of the islands’ terrestrial birds probably came from the general area of southern North<\/a> and northern Central America<\/a>. As illustrated by the fact that no endemic landbird taxon occurs on more than one island and the cases of the Socorro<\/a> and Clari\u00f3n wrens<\/a> as well as the Socorro dove<\/a> and Clari\u00f3n mourning dove<\/a>, each bird population seems to have arisen independently.[13]<\/sup> The archipelago has been recognised as an Important Bird Area<\/a> (IBA) by BirdLife International<\/a> for its breeding seabirds<\/a> and endemic landbirds.[17]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Threats and conservation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

As late as 1956, it was said that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“The future of the avifauna of the islands appears to be secure at present. There are no human inhabitants, and no mammals of any kind except the moderate and apparently stable population of sheep on Socorro.”[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

But the unique ecology of the islands has since then come under threat from introduced species. The sheep were introduced to Socorro in 1869. Cats became established after 1953, probably in the early 1970s.[13]<\/sup>[24]<\/sup> Pigs were introduced to Clari\u00f3n in 1979, and rabbits became feral<\/a> at some earlier date.[25]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several endemic species of Socorro are now threatened with extinction. The Socorro mockingbird<\/a> (Mimodes graysoni<\/em>) numbers less than 400 individuals altogether. The endemic Socorro parakeet<\/a> (Psittacara brevipes<\/em>) and Townsend’s shearwater<\/a> (Puffinus auricularis<\/em>), are also endangered. The Socorro dove<\/a>(Zenaida graysoni<\/em>) is now extinct in the wild, but is being bred in captivity. The elf owl<\/a>‘s Socorro subspecies<\/a> Micrathene whitneyi graysoni<\/em> appears to be extinct<\/a>.[26]<\/sup> Other plant and animal taxa in the archipelago are also considered threatened or nearly so.[25]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A number of conservation<\/a> initiatives are dedicated to halting the destruction of the native ecosystems of the islands. Dr. Harmunt Walter of the University of California, Los Angeles<\/a> (UCLA) and Dr. Luis F. Baptista<\/a> of the California Academy of Sciences<\/a> have coordinated breeding and reintroduction efforts for the Socorro dove since 1988, through the Island Endemics Institute. The Comit\u00e9 Cient\u00edfico para la Conservaci\u00f3n y Restauraci\u00f3n del Archipi\u00e9lago Revillagigedo<\/em> (“Scientific Committee for the Conservation and Restoration of the Revillagigedo Islands”) was founded in 1996, and is a committee representing several organizations, including the Island Conservation & Ecology Group, Island Endemics Institute, the University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis<\/a> (UMSL), the National Autonomous University of Mexico<\/a> (UNAM) and others. It is chaired by Dr. Walter and Dr. Luis Medrano of UNAM is its secretary. The committee has been advocating removal of the exotic species from the islands, especially the estimated 2000 sheep on Socorro, to allow the islands’ ecology to recover, and adoption of a management plan to promote the recovery of the islands’ native species, including reintroduction of the Socorro dove.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brattstrom and Howell who gave the optimistic outlook in 1956 went on to caution:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“it may be hoped that the Mexican government will guard against the introduction of mammals such as rabbits, cats, goats and others that have invariably brought disaster to the flora and fauna of insular regions.”[13]<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Marine protected area<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

On 25 November 2017, President of Mexico<\/a> Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto<\/a> acted to protect the biodiversity of the region by creating North America’s largest marine protected area<\/a> around the islands, and prohibiting mining, fishing, and tourism development on or near the islands.[5]<\/sup> In total, marine protected areas cover 4.6% of Mexico’s exclusive economic zone for fishing.[27]<\/sup> Marine protected areas have been shown to positively contribute to ocean diversity, improve nearby fishing locations, and combat climate change.[27]<\/sup> A study published five years after the establishment of the marine protected area found that fishing activity within the protected zone had decreased by an average of 82% per vessel. The study also found that industrial fishing catches in Mexico’s exclusive economic zone had not decreased.[27]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. “Reserva de la Biosfera Archipi\u00e9lago de Revillagigedo”<\/a>.\u00a0Ramsar<\/a>\u00a0Sites Information Service<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a025 April\u00a02018.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. “Programa de Conservaci\u00f3n y Manejo Reserva de la Biosfera Archipielago de Revillagigedo”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF). Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas. Retrieved\u00a0October 31,\u00a02021.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. “ACUERDO por el que se da a conocer el resumen del Programa de Manejo del \u00c1rea Natural Protegida con la categor\u00eda de Parque Nacional Revillagigedo”<\/a>. Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n. Retrieved\u00a0October 31,2021.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. “Archipi\u00e9lago de Revillagigedo”<\/a>.\u00a0UNESCO World Heritage Centre<\/em>. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved\u00a019 July2016.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Busby, Mattha (25 November 2017).\u00a0“Mexico creates vast new ocean reserve to protect ‘Galapagos of North America'”<\/a>.\u00a0The Guardian<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a026 November\u00a02017.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. “Exploring Mexico’s Revillagigedo Islands – Dive Training Magazine”<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. “Complejo insular de Revillagigedo, estrat\u00e9gico desde La Colonia”<\/a>[Revillagigedo Island Complex: Strategic since colonial times].\u00a0gob.mx<\/em>\u00a0(in Spanish). Secretar\u00eda de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2017-12-07. Retrieved\u00a02023-06-26.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. Brand, Donald D. (1967). Friis, Herman R. (ed.).\u00a0The Pacific Basin. A History of its Geographical Exploration<\/em>. New York: American Geographical Society. p.\u00a0370.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. American Geographical Society of New York (1967),\u00a0Special publication<\/a>, issue 38, p. 370,\u00a0American Geographical Society<\/a>, ISSN 0065-843X<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. Geological Survey (U.S.)\u00a0U.S. Geological Survey professional paper<\/em><\/a>, issue 492\u2013493, p. 281, ISSN 1044-9620<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. Mike Parr.\u00a0“ABC Report”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Socorro Island:Fire and Brimstone in the Mexican Pacific<\/em>. Archived from\u00a0the original<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0on 19 July 2011. Retrieved\u00a020 March\u00a02011.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12. Collecting Evolution: The Galapagos Expedition that Vindicated Darwin<\/em><\/a>. Oxford University Press. March 2017.\u00a0ISBN<\/a>\u00a0978-0-19-935462-7<\/bdi><\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0e<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0f<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0g<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0h<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Brattstrom, Bayard H. & Howell, Thomas R. (1956).\u00a0“The Birds of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Condor<\/a><\/em>.\u00a058<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 107\u2013120.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.2307\/1364977<\/a>.\u00a0JSTOR<\/a>\u00a01364977<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  14. “Unknown territories: Exploring the Revillagigedo Islands”<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  15. Schipper, Jan.\u00a0Islas Revillagigedo Dry Forests<\/a>.\u00a0One Earth<\/em>. Retrieved 23 June 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  16. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0“Islas Revillagigedo dry forests”<\/a>.\u00a0Terrestrial Ecoregions<\/em>. World Wildlife Fund.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  17. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0“Islas Revillagigedo”<\/a>.\u00a0BirdLife Data Zone<\/em>. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved\u00a024 June\u00a02024.normal<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  18. Ross M. Wanless, Alfonso Aguirre-mu\u00f1oz, Andrea Angel, Jeff K. Jacobsen, Bradford S. Keitt, and John McCann “Birds of Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico,”\u00a0The Wilson Journal of Ornithology<\/em>\u00a0121(4), 745-751, (1 December 2009).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1676\/08-140.1A<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  19. Yellow-crowned Night-Heron (bancrofti)<\/a>.\u00a0Avibase<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved 24 June 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  20. BirdLife International (2024)\u00a0Species factsheet:\u00a0Puffinus auricularis<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved 24 June 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  21. Urban J., Jaramillo A.L., Aguayo A., Baker S.C., 2000,\u00a0Migratory destinations of humpback whales wintering in the Mexican Pacific<\/a>, Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2(2), pp.101\u2013110, Retrieved on January 29, 2017<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  22. California\/Mexico Island Conservation Database (2007):\u00a0Plant accounts<\/a>Archived<\/a>\u00a02007-12-08 at the\u00a0Wayback Machine<\/a>. Retrieved 2007-NOV-24.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  23. Checklist of Mexican Pacific Islands endemics. Plants of the World online\u00a0checklist builder<\/a>. Accessed 7 April 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  24. BirdLife International (2007):\u00a0Socorro Dove \u2013 BirdLife Species Factsheet<\/a>. Retrieved 2007-NOV-24.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  25. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources<\/a>\u00a0(2007):\u00a02007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a><\/em>. IUCN, Gland.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  26. Weick, Friedhelm (2006),\u00a0Owls (Strigiformes): annotated and illustrated checklist<\/em><\/a>, Springer, p. 187,\u00a0ISBN<\/a>\u00a03-540-35234-1<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  27. ^\u00a0a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup>\u00a0Favoretto, Fabio; L\u00f3pez-Sag\u00e1stegui, Catalina; Sala, Enric; Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio (2023-06-02).\u00a0“The largest fully protected marine area in North America does not harm industrial fishing”<\/a>.\u00a0Science Advances<\/em>.\u00a09<\/strong>\u00a0(22).\u00a0Bibcode<\/a>:2023SciA….9G.709F<\/a>.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1126\/sciadv.adg0709<\/a>.\u00a0ISSN<\/a>\u00a02375-2548<\/a>.\u00a0PMC<\/a>\u00a010231865<\/a>.\u00a0PMID<\/a>\u00a037256961<\/a>.normal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    External links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n